Monitoring of water quality in South Paris district by clustering and SIMCA classification

Abstract

With the aim of obtaining a monitoring tool to assess the quality of water, a multivariate statistical procedure based on cluster analysis (CA) coupled with soft independent modelling class analogy (SIMCA) algorithm, providing an effective classification method, is proposed. The experimental data set, carried out throughout the year 2004, was composed of analytical parameters from 68 water sources in a vast southwest area of Paris. Nine variables carrying the most useful information were selected and investigated (nitrate, sulphate, chloride, turbidity, conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, coliforms and Escherichia coli). Principal component analysis provided considerable data reduction, gathering in the first two principal components the majority of information representing about 92.2% of the total variance. CA grouped samples belonging to different sites, distinctly correlating them with chemical variables, and a classification model was built by SIMCA. This model was optimised and validated and then applied to a new data matrix, consisting of the parameters measured during the year 2005 from the same objects, providing a fast and accurate classification of all the samples. The most of the examined sources appeared unchanged during the 2-year period, but five sources resulted distributed in different classes, due to statistical significant changes of some characteristic analytical parameters.

Keywords:

• water quality
• multivariate analysis
• PCA
• clustering
• SIMCA

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the Ministry of University and Research (MIUR) of Italy for financial support of this work.