Solid-phase extraction of triazole fungicides from water samples using disks impregnated with carbon nanotubes followed by GC-MS analysis

ABSTRACT

Triazole fungicides are pesticides widely employed in the cultivation of fruits, vegetables and grains. However, their ability to change the steroid hormone biosynthesis may result in endocrine complications for mammals, as well as changes in cholesterol and triglyceride levels and hepatotoxicity. The analysis of the triazole fungicides in superficial waters is important in order to monitor the risk for the biota. However, the use of efficient extraction procedures has been necessary in order to concentrate these pesticides before the analysis. In-disk solid-phase extraction (SPE) can be highlighted as a potential pre-concentration technique, mainly because the possibility to extract the analytes from a large sample volume, increasing the method detectability. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been often used as solid extraction phase due to their high sorption capacity, surface area and internal volume, as well as mechanical, chemical and thermal stability. In this paper, we proposed the preparation of a new SPE disk impregnated with CNTs for the extraction of triazole fungicides from environmental water samples. The disks were obtained by acid corrosion of a cellulose membrane followed by its impregnation with CNTs. The developed method was validated for the analysis of triadimenol, tebuconazole and epoxiconazole, according to international validation protocols. The limits of quantification obtained for triadimenol, tebuconazole and epoxiconazole were 0.1, 0.1 and 0.05 µg L⁻¹, respectively. The linearity ranged from 0.05 to 10.00 µg L⁻¹ for epoxiconazole and from 0.1 to 10.00 µg L⁻¹ for triadimenol and tebuconazole, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999 for all of them. The precisions, expressed as relative standard deviation, were lower than 12%. The accuracies were within −12.07% to 17.7% (expressed as relative error).

KEYWORDS:

• Triazole fungicides
• in-disk solid-phase extraction
• gas chromatography

Acknowledgements

We thank the ‘Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais’ (FAPEMIG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) – projects CDS-PPM-00144-15 and CEX-APQ-01556-13; and ‘Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico’ (CNPq, Brasília, Brazil) for their financial support and fellowships.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

We thank the ‘Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais’ (FAPEMIG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) – projects CDS-PPM-00144-15 and CEX-APQ-01556-13; and ‘Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico’ (CNPq, Brasília, Brazil) for their financial support and fellowships.