https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7743-9965
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ABSTRACT
The presence of antibiotics and their metabolites such as ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water resources attracted notable attention as a new international health concern. A systematic and review-meta analysis was performed to evaluate the concentration of CIP in the rivers along with the related ecological risk assessment. PubMed, Scopus and Embase databases were screened to retrieve the related articles among 1 January 1983 to 10 July 2018. Fifty-five articles (58 studies of data reports) comprising 1,886 samples from 20 countries were included. Furthermore, the meta-analysis was performed by the aid of a random effects model (REM) to estimate pooled concentration with 95% confidence intervals (CI). According to findings, the concentration of CIP in the river downstream of untreated wastewater was higher than other rivers located downstream of treated wastewater. Also, the meta-analysis of data based on year of study subgroup demonstrated that over time, the concentration of CIP in the rivers was increased. The ecological risk assessment showed that people settled in some regions of South Africa was at a potential (HQ: 1–10 value) adverse ecological risk of CIP in the river. Therefore immediate control plans besides appropriate removal techniques should be approached for complete eradication of antibiotics like CIP.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the student research committee at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences for the financial grants of this study (1397/12321). We thank Katia Jonas for helping us during the preparation of this manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Correction Statement
This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.