A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on the extraction of pesticide by various solid phase-based separation methods: a case study of malathion

ABSTRACT

Malathion is one of the most well-known pesticides which is widely used for controlling insects and pests. Slow degradation and extensive and/or inappropriate use of malathion have resulted in the contamination of the environment inflicting hazardous damages to the ecosystems and human health. This systematic study along with meta-analysis is aimed at reviewing a vast number of reports on the application of the above-mentioned methods used for the extraction and detection of malathion in a wide variety of samples. Initially, the relevant articles over the last decade (2011-2020) were selected for the meta-analysis and subsequently systematically reviewed. The major key points of each article were extracted by a predefined data template. In addition, the statistical analyses were performed by the R software. Following a thorough screening, 812 articles were found to be suitable. Of which, 68 were finally selected which met the required quantitative criteria for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted by the random-effects model with a high heterogeneity (I2 = 99.99%). The pooled results on the selected articles revealed that the solid phase-based methods in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) have gained lots of interest among the researchers. Within the mentioned articles, the respective recoveries, LODs and LOQs were reported to fall in the range of 95.43-139%, 0.000026-100 µg/l, 0.000078-300 µg/l and 97.20-136%, 0.00001-1.3 µg/g, 0.00005-4.2 µg/g for the aqueous and solid matrices. The results also revealed that the maximum recovery was affiliated to the SPE method (139%) for the aqueous matrices, while the corresponding value for the solid matrices was 134%. According to the pooled data, the mean recoveries varied in the ranges of 92.11-102.50 % and 92.21-102.91% in the aqueous and solid matrices, respectively. The maximum recovery of malathion was assigned to the extraction by SPE (101.46%, 95% CI= 94.66-108.27).

KEYWORDS:

• Systematic review
• meta-analysis
• solid phase-based methods
• malathion
• classification

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to appreciate the Iran University of Medical Sciences for the provision of the financial help [grant No. 99-1-61-18444].

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Disclosure statement

No conflict of interest is declared by the authors.

Correction Statement

This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Iran University of Medical Sciences [99-1-61-18444].