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ABSTRACT
Fifty-five water samples were collected from four different wetlands of Gurugram, Haryana, to assess the seasonal variation in metals concentration level. Moreover, a heavy metal pollution index (HPI), potential ecological risk index (PERI) and health risk index (HRI) were estimated to assess overall water quality status and associated risk in the study area. In summer, Fe and Cr were above BIS permissible limits whereas, in winter all the metals are within the limits. Highest concentration was observed for Fe and Mn, followed by Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr. Calculated HPI values are below critical index limit of 100. But its value being >30 lies under high class category of HPI in Lost (W1), Damdama (W3) and Basai (W4) wetland, indicating high deterioration, and low–medium HPI in Sultanpur wetland (W2) indicating low deterioration. HI >1 indicates possibility of non-carcinogenic risk to children and adults in W1 and W4, in both summer and winter and in W3 and W4 in summer only, through both ingestion and dermal route. Cancer risk was observed for adults in W1 (2.06), W3 (1.52) and W4 (2.51) in summer only. PERI results suggest low ecological risk based on both degree of contamination and risk index. This study suggests, high HPI and non-carcinogenic risk from certain metals warrants immediate attention towards proper management of these wetlands specially W4.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Acknowledgments
AD thanks the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for financial support. The Dean, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, is acknowledged for their support. Our hearty thanks to the anonymous reviewers and editor for his valuable suggestions to improve the present form of study.