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ABSTRACT
This article reports the development and psychometric requisites of Visions About Future (VAF), a measure to assess optimism, pessimism, and hope in early adolescence. Two different studies involving Italian middle school students were conducted. With the first study, the items were developed and the factor structure verified by using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); further, convergent and concurrent validity by testing hypothesised relationships with existing measures, were assessed. In the second study, we provided measurement invariance across gender among middle school students. Results provide strong psychometric support for VAF as a valid measure to explore propensity to optimism, pessimism and hope in early adolescence and for career education and career counselling activities.
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Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes on contributors
Maria Cristina Ginevra, PhD, is a research fellow at the Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.
Sara Santilli, is a research fellow at the Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
Ilaria Di Maggio, is a research fellow in the Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
Laura Nota is an associate professor in the Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
Salvatore Soresi is a full professor in the Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.