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Summary
Soil characteristics have a major influence on root growth and development. On dense soils, such as those found on many urban sites, root systems are very shallow and widespread. Less than 5 percent of the root system is typically transplanted with the tree. Replacement roots originate from the callus formed near the cut surface. Initially many small roots are produced but often a single root becomes dominant and “replaces” the root severed during transplanting. At all times, the crown of the tree must be balanced with its root system. When the root system is reduced as a result of transplanting, twig growth is also reduced. As the root system is replaced, equilibrium is restored, resulting in restoration of top growth vigour.