Inter-imperial ‘45: War, Geopolitics, and the Entanglements of Rebellion, 1745–1763

ABSTRACT

This article considers the 1745–46 Jacobite rebellion in Scotland (the last major attempt to restore the Stuart dynasty – in exile since 1689 – to the throne of Britain), and its decades-long aftermath, as a transatlantic problem deeply embedded in the geopolitical and cultural entanglements of inter-imperial rivalry and warfare. Prevailing interpretations of the ‘45 consider it as primarily a culminating political event centred on dynastic rivalry and the relative security of the Hanoverian establishment, while overlooking more recent geographic insights from the fields Atlantic and New Imperial history. In exploring the long term imperial strategic repercussions of the ‘45 as understood through the dynamics of a rapidly expanding and interconnected British Atlantic press and public sphere, this paper demonstrates novel and lasting understandings of the connection between inter-imperial rivalry, warfare, and domestic fifth-column rebellions. Such understandings, continuing throughout the mid-eighteenth century wars between Britain and France, and the contemporary anxieties tied to them, disrupt linear narratives of post-‘45 British political and cultural integration. The British polity and formations of Britishness and Scottishness were entangled with France to an unprecedented degree as a result of the inter-imperial problem of the ‘45. This ultimately draws attention to the overlooked historical novelties, continuities, and contingencies of the post-’45 period. This cultural context must be considered and periodized on its own historical terms, rather than as part of a straightforward eighteenth century process of nation-state formation.

KEYWORDS:

• Inter-imperial warfare
• British Atlantic World
• Jacobitism
• rebellion
• geopolitics
• entanglement
• British identity
• Scottish identity
• highlandism
• print culture

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 For select important examples of such interpretations, see: Colley, Britons; Conway, War, State, and Society; Devine, Scotland’s Empire; Dziennik, The Fatal Land; Dziennik, Whig Tartan; Hawkins, Imperial ’45; Plank, Rebellion and Savagery; Wilson, The Sense of the People.

2 Wilson, The Sense of the People, 142–68, chapter 3; Conway, War, State, and Society, 144–53, 223–24. Also see: Gould, The Persistence of Empire, chapters 1 & 2.

3 Bradford, The New-Year's Verses, January 1, 1746.

4 For select examples from earlier contexts, see: Bird, The Jacobites Catechism, 1–4; Paxton, A Scheme of Union, 6–8, 22–23; Anon, Recommendation of a Charitable Contribution; Flying Post or the Post Master, issue 2014 (March 23–25, 1708): 1; Defoe, Scotland in Danger, 1–5.

5 Szechi, The Jacobites, 87–90; Wilson, The Sense of the People, 167–68, 178; Douglas, Jacobite Spy Wars, 99; Duffy, The ’45, 124–36, 528; Conway, War, State, and Society, 57, 148; Plank, Rebellion and Savagery, 34–35; Reid, The Scottish Jacobite Army 1745-46, 29–32, 41–43; Fremont-Barnes, The Jacobite Rebellion, 1745-46, 28–30, 34, 35, 59.

6 For important examples, see: Colley, Britons; Wilson, The Sense of the People, especially chapter 3; Gould, The Persistence of Empire; Devine, Scotland’s Empire; Plank, Rebellion and Savagery; Conway, War, State, and Society; Devine, The Scottish Nation; Dziennik, “Whig Tartan”; Dziennik, The Fatal Land.

7 Colley, Britons, 326. Also see: 103, 119–121, 140–141, chapter 7. For similar dismissiveness, see: Wilson, The Sense of the People, 167, 173–79; Gould, The Persistence of Empire, 39; Conway, War, State, and Society, 216–19; Dziennik, “Whig Tartan,” 120. Royle, Culloden, ix.

8 Wilson, “Empire of Virtue”; Marshall, “A Nation Defined by Empire”; Wilson, The Sense of the People, 194–95, 204–205; Gould, The Persistence of Empire, chapter 2; Marshall, The Making and Unmaking of Empires; Conway, War, State, and Society, especially chapter 8; Mapp, “British Culture”.

9 Clark, “The Many Restorations of King James,” 9–56; Monod et al., Loyalty and Identity.

10 Imperial and Atlantic studies have also remained narrowly framed by narratives and continuities of domestic political culture or by the policies of the imperial metropole. See: Hawkins, “Imperial ’45”; Plank, Rebellion and Savagery. Also see: Royle, Culloden. By contrast, the present article is framed through ‘entanglement’ between imperial antagonists. See: Gould, “Entangled Histories”; Moores, Representations of France.

11 My theoretical and methodological approach is indebted to: Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere; Steele, The English Atlantic; Brewer, The Sinews of Power; Anderson, Imagined Communities; Armitage, “Three Concepts of Atlantic History.”

12 Szechi, The Jacobites.

13 Clark, English Society; Green, “Empire and Identity.” Also see: Brown, “Scottish Identity in the Seventeenth Century”; Kidd, “Protestantism, Constitutionalism”; Landsman, From Colonials to Provincials, chapter 1. For select examples of earlier commentary, see: Revolution in New England Justified and the People there Vindicated … (Boston, 1691), 1,4, 12, 21; Bird, The Jacobites Catechism, 1–4; Kirkwood, A Memorial Concerning the Disorder; Dunton, The Hereditary Bastard, 22–34.

14 For select examples among many, see: Macpherson, The History of the Present Rebellion; St James’s Evening Post, issue 5582 (October 24–26, 1745): 2; The Scots Magazine, vol. 7 (November, 1745): 516–17; Pennsylvania Gazette, issue 923 (August 21, 1746): 1–2; Wallace, A Sermon Preached; Serious Thoughts on the Baneful Growth of Popery; A Congratulatory Letter to Cardinal Tencin.

15 Douglass, A Summary, Historical and Political, 336–37. Original emphasis.

16 Perceval, Earl of Egmont, An Examination of the Principles, 55. Original emphasis. Also: Glasgow Courant, issue 169, 1–2.

17 Steele, The English Atlantic. Also: Hancock, Citizens of the World; McKendrick et al., The Birth of a Consumer Society.

18 Wilson, The Sense of the People, Chapter 3; Brewer, The Sinews of Power. Also: Marshall, The Making and Unmaking of Empires, 7; Harris, Politics and the Nation, 6, 333–34.

19 For select examples among many, see: Boston Gazette, issue 826 (October 27, 1735): 3; Virginia Gazette, issue 49 (July 8, 1737): 2; Willison, A Fair and Impartial Testimony, Essayed in Name of a Number of Ministers, Elders, and Christian People of the Church of Scotland, Unto the Laudable Principles, Wrestlings, and Attainments of that Church … (Edinburgh, 1744), 27; Anon, An Account Shewing the Progress of the Colony of Georgia In America … (London: 1741 & Annapolis: 1742), 19–20, 22, 29, 31.

20 For select examples, see: Anon, Revolution in New England Justified, 1,4, 12, 21; Bird, The Jacobites Catechism, 1–4; Kirkwood, A Memorial Concerning the Disorder; Paxton, A Scheme of Union, 6–8, 22–23; Anon, Recommendation of a Charitable Contribution; Flying Post or the Post Master, issue 2014 (March 23–25, 1708): 1.

21 Turnbull, Some Verses Composed Upon the Insurrections, 26. See also: Anon, The Fool: Being a Collection of Essays and Epistles, Moral Political, Humorous, and Entertaining. Published in the Daily Gazetteer …  (London, 1748), 142. Often authors felt the need to justify the special relevance and desirability of their offerings to a saturated readership. See, for example: Noble, A Letter to the People of Great Britain and Ireland, of Every Denomination: On Matters of the Utmost Importance to them all, in this Critical and Dangerous Crisis …  (London, 1745), 3.

22 Pennsylvania Journal, issue 214 (December 23, 1746): 1. The West-India Monthly Packet of Intelligence: Or, an Account of News Foreign and Domestick, Extracted from the Best Authorities, issue 1 (November, 1745): 1.

23 Boston Gazette, issue 1274 (August 12, 1746): 1.

24 Anon, An Address to the People of England, on Occasion of the Declaration from Holy-Rood House, of October the 10th, 1745 (London, 1745), 5, 40. Original emphasis.

25 Presbyterian Society in Edinburgh, An Antidote Against the Infectious Contagion of Popery and Tyranny. Humbly Offer’d in An Admonitory LETTER from a Presbyterian Society in Edinburgh, to their Friends in Town and Country, Touching the Present INTESTINE WAR (Edinburgh, 1745), 13–14, 16. Original emphasis. On the growing importance of commercial empire in Scotland, see: Devine, The Tobacco Lords; Devine and Rössner, “Scots in the Atlantic Economy, 1600–1800,” 38–39, 48–52.

26 Chartier, “Culture as Appropriation.”

27 Prince, A Sermon Delivered at the South Church in Boston, 10, 18. Original emphasis. Also see: Gordon, A Thanksgiving Sermon on the Defeat of the Rebels, 7.

28 For select additional examples, see: Anon, A Letter From a Gentleman at Edinburgh to his Correspondent at London. Concerning Affairs in Scotland …  (London, 1745), 29–30; Marchant, The History of the Late Rebellion in Great-Britain … , iii, 61.

29 An Address to the People of England, on Occasion of the Declaration … 32. Original emphasis. Also: 23–24, 30–33, 40, 44–45.

30 Marchant, The History of the Late Rebellion, iii-v. Original emphasis.

31 Henderson, The History of the Rebellion, 1745 and 1746 …  (Edinburgh, 1748), 17. Original emphasis.

32 For select examples among copious others, see: A Letter to the People … , 3–8; Bradford, The New-Year’s Verses; Shirley, A Proclamation for a General Thanksgiving; Pennsylvania Journal, issue 214 (December 23, 1746), 1; Turnbull, Some Verses, 10–11; Vaughan, Rebellion Extinguished, 10–11; Anon, Collection of Political Tracts, 4–5, 12; The British Magazine, 33–34, 50–53.

33 For select examples among many, see: The Scots Magazine, vol. 7 (September, 1745), 433; The London Evening Post, no. 2824 (December 10–12, 1745), 1; 4; Pennsylvania Journal, issue 164 (January 14, 1746): 3.

34 Griffiths, Ascanius: or, the Young Adventurer; a True History …  (London, 1746), iii-v. Original emphasis.

35 Marchant, The History of the Late Rebellion, 9. Also: iii–iv, 64. Original emphasis.

36 Anon, An Examine of the Expediency of Bringing Over Immediately the Body of Hanoverian Troops Taken Into Our Pay …  (London, 1746), 42–43, 45. Original emphasis.

37 For select examples among many, see: The Scots Magazine, vol. 7 (October, 1745), 489–490; St. James’s Evening Post, issue 5586 (November 2–5, 1745), 3; Macpherson, The History of the Present Rebellion, 24; Whitefield, Britain’s Mercies, and Britain’s Duty, 16. Also see: Duffy, The ’45, 124–36.

38 Pennsylvania Gazette, issue 924 (August 28, 1746), 3–4.

39 Anon, The Great Importance of Cape Breton, Demonstrated and Exemplified … (London, 1746), 72, Original emphasis. Reprinted in: The Westminster Journal or New Weekly Miscellany, issue 235 (May 31, 1746): 1; Pennsylvania Journal, issue 214 (December 23, 1746): 1; Boston Gazette, issue 1274 (August 12, 1746): 2.

40 For similar examples among many, see: New York Weekly Journal, issue 608 (October 27, 1746): 2; Pennsylvania Journal, vol. 206 (October 30, 1746): 1; Marchant, The History of the Late Rebellion, iii-v; The Westminster Journal, or, New Weekly Miscellany, no. 327 (March 5, 1748): 2; Henderson, The History of the Rebellion … , 17; Boyse, An Historical Review, 172, 177–78.

41 New York Gazette, issue 288 (July 25, 1748): 2. Original emphasis.

42 Old England or the Constitutional Journal, issue 243 (December 24, 1748): 1–2 Original emphasis.

43 Wilson, The Sense of the People, 178; Gould, The Persistence of Empire, 32, 69; Conway, War, State, and Society, 162, 228–29.

44 Zimmermann, The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 2. See, especially, chapters 2–6. Also: 75–119, 128, 131, 147–148, 150–151, 153–154, 162–169.

45 Ibid, chapters 2–6, and especially: 122, 129, 131, 145, 147–169; McLynn, 1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World, 239–240.

46 For select examples among many, see: Caledonian Mercury, issue 4050 (September 25, 1746): 3; Old England or Broad Bottom Journal, issue 140 (January 17, 1747): 3; The Scots Magazine, vol. 10 (April, 1748): 201; Pennsylvania Gazette, issue 1063 (April 27, 1749): 2; New York Gazette, or Weekly Post Boy, issue 375 (March 26, 1750): 2; London Evening Post, issue 3997 (June 28–30, 1753): 4.

47 For select examples from a truly vast amount, see: London Magazine, or Gentleman’s Monthly Intelligencer, vol. 24 (February, 1755): 68; The Scots Magazine, vol. 17 (November, 1755): 522; Huske, The Present State of North-America, (London & Boston, 1755), 62–64; Whitefield, A Short Address to Persons, title page, 3–4; Boston News-Letter, issue 2847 (January 27, 1757): 2; Smollett, A Complete History of England, 357–61, 407; Glasgow Courant, issue 716 (July 2–9, 1759): 2; Boston Evening Post, issue 1251 (August 20, 1759): 1; New Hampshire Gazette, issue 152 (August 31, 1759): 1; Newcastle General Magazine (August, 1759): 411; Mayhew, Two Discourses Delivered October 25th 1759, 12; Pennsylvania Gazette, issue 1626 (February 21, 1760): 4; The Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 4 (February, 1760): 102–103; New York Gazette, issue 95 (November 24, 1760): 2; Durand, Genuine and Curious Memoirs, 27–28; New York Mercury, issue 522 (August 2, 1762): 2; Entick, The General History of the Late War, 122–24.

48 Glasgow Journal, issue 946 (September 17–24, 1759): 3. Also see: Glasgow Courant, issue 735 (November 12–19, 1759): 2; Universal Chronicle or Weekly Gazette, issue 67 (July 7–14, 1759): 4, 6–8; Newcastle General Magazine (July, 1759): 378–381; New Hampshire Gazette, issue 152 (August 31, 1759): 1; Mayhew, Two Discourses Delivered, 12; Pennsylvania Gazette, issue 1626 (February 21, 1760): 4

49 Anon, A Complete History of the Present War, from its Commencement in 1756, to the end of the Campaign, 1760 …  (London, 1761), 486; Newport Mercury, issue 91 (March 11, 1760): 3; Almon, A Review of the Reign of George II … , 242–245, quote at 245.

50 Mayhew, Two Discourses Delivered, 12.

51 For select examples among many, see: Glasgow Journal, issue 968 (February 18–25, 1760): 4; Boston Post Boy, issue 132 (February 25, 1760): 2; The Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 4 (February, 1760): 102–103; New Hampshire Gazette, issue 179 (March 7, 1760): 4; New York Gazette, issue 95 (November 24, 1760): 2; Durand, Genuine and Curious Memoirs of the Famous Captain Thurot, 27–28.

52 Read’s Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer, issue 5069 (December 8, 1759): 3; Boston Post Boy, issue 132 (February 25, 1760): 2; Boston News-Letter, issue 2061 (February 28, 1760): 2; New Hampshire Gazette, issue 179 (March 7, 1760): 4.

53 Colley, Britons, 103, 105–45, 326. Quotes on 103, 131, 326; Conway, War, State, and Society, 170, 181–82, 187, 206–207. Also see: Wilson, The Sense of the People, ch. 3; Gould, The Persistence of Empire, 39.

54 Conway, War, State, and Society, 214–17, 193–94. 182.

55 Devine, The Scottish Nation, 236–37.

56 Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 307–15. Quote at 307. Also see, Devine, The Scottish Nation, chapter 11.

57 Dziennik, “Whig Tartan”; Dziennik, The Fatal Land. For a seminal early work on the invented traditions of Highlandism, see: Trevor-Roper, “The Invention of Tradition.”

58 French support, it should be noted, was tentative and cautious: Reid, The Scottish Jacobite Army, 29–32, 41–43; Szechi, The Jacobites, 97–103; Fremont-Barnes, The Jacobite Rebellion, 28–30, 35. For a selection of commentaries on French support, see: London Evening Post, issue 2780 (August 29–31, 1745): 4; Caledonian Mercury, no. 3900 (October 11, 1745): 3; The West-India Monthly Packet of Intelligence, no. 1 (November 1–30, 1745): 1; Macpherson, The History of the Present Rebellion, 6; The Scots Magazine, vol. 8 (January, 1746): 33, 41, 43; New York Evening Post, issue 68 (March 10, 1746): 2; Boston Gazette, issue 1274 (August 12, 1746): 2; Ascanius … , 17; Prince, A Sermon Delivered, 31; Anon, Superiorities Display’d: Or, Scotland’s Grievance, By Reason of the Slavish Dependence of the People Upon the Great Men …  (Edinburgh, 1746), 12, 14; Marchant, The History of the Late Rebellion, 14–15; 61.

59 Browne, The Folly and Perjury of the Rebellion in Scotland, 9. Original emphasis.

60 Foster, An Account of the Behaviour, 6; An Address to the People of England, 3, 32. See also: An Examine of the Expediency … , 28–29; Prince, The Salvations of God in 1746 … , 17–21 (reprinted in London in 1747), 18. Original emphasis.

61 Murray, The Thistle, 34. Original emphasis.

62 For instance: George Faulkner the Dublin Journal, issue 1957 (December 10–14, 1745): 2; The London Evening Post, issue 2826 (December 14–17, 1745): Anon, A Brief Account of the Methods Used to Propagate Popery in Great Britain and Ireland … (London, 1745), 12; Boston Post Boy, issue 582 (January 20, 1746): 1; Turnbull, Some Verses, 25; Defoe, A Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain, 254–55.

63 See: London Evening Post, issue 2619 (August 18–21, 1744): 1; General Advertiser, issue 3047 (August 20, 1744): 1; Gloucester Journal, issue 1165 (August 28, 1744): 1; Boston Post Boy, issue 519 (November 19, 1744): 2.

64 Boston News Letter, issue 2313 (August 15, 1746): 1; St. James’s Evening Post, issue 5599 (December 5–7, 1745): 1; Also: General Advertiser, issue 3466 (December 7, 1745): 2.

65 The Scots Magazine, vol. 7 (December, 1745): 588; Daily Post, issue 8221 (January 6, 1746): 1. Also see: Turnbull, Some Verses, 17; Anon, A Compleat and Authentick History of the Rise, Progress, and Extinction of the Late Rebellion …  (Dublin & London: 1747), 17.

66 For select examples among many, see: Glasgow Courant, issue 740 (December 17–24, 1759): 2–3; Grove, A Second Letter to a Right Honourable Patriot, 74–76; Ogden, The British Lion Rous’d, or Acts of the British Worthies, 153–55, 157–74.

67 For select examples among many, see: Lockman, The Vast Importance of the Herring Fishery, &c to these Kingdoms …  (London: 1750), 34, 37–38; Kennedy, Serious Advice to the Inhabitants of the Northern-Colonies, on the Present Situation of Affairs (New York: 1755), 15; The Scots Magazine, vol. 18 (October, 1756): 520; Glasgow Journal, issue 909 (January 1–8, 1759): 4; The Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 3 (May, 1759): 261; Weatherwise, Father Abraham’s Almanack …  (Philadelphia, [1759?]), 13; George Cockings, War: An Heroic Poem, (Boston, 1762), 154.

68 For select examples among many, see: General Advertiser, issue 3912 (May 9, 1747): 1; General Evening Post, issue 2192 (October 27–29, 1747): 1; Westminster Journal or New Weekly Miscellany, issue 309 (October 31, 1747): 3; New York Gazette, or Weekly Post Boy, issue 275 (April 25, 1748): 2; London Advertiser and Literary Gazette, issue 21 (March 27, 1751): 2; Pennsylvania Journal, issue 574 (December 6, 1753): 2; New York Gazette, or Weekly Post Boy, issue 785 (February 6, 1758): 1; Universal Chronicle or Weekly Gazette, issue 88 (December 1–8, 1759): 4; Durand, Genuine and Curious Memoirs … , 27–28; Public Advertiser, issue 8701 (September 22, 1762): 2; Anon, A Select Collection of the Most Interesting Letters on the Government, Liberty, and Constitution of England …  (London: 1763), 167; Smollett, Continuation of the History of England, 113. On Scottish regiments in the French service during this period, see: Conway, “Scots, Britons and Europeans”, 116. Such units featured considerable numbers of Highland clansmen and Jacobite exiles: Zimmermann, The Jacobite Movement, 147–48.

69 For select examples among many, see: New York Gazette, or Weekly Post Boy, issue 785 (February 6, 1758): 1; The Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 4 (April, 1760): 214; St. James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, issue 239 (September 18–21, 1762): 4; Lloyd’s Evening Post and British Chronicle, issue 810 (September 20–22, 1762):5; A Select Collection, 167; Smollett, Continuation of the History (1763), 113; London Evening Post, issue 5598 (September 17–20, 1763): 5.

70 A Select Collection, 167. Original emphasis. Also: London Evening Post, issue 5598 (September 17–20, 1763), 5. Also see: Fitz-Adam, The World, 213; Defoe, A Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain … , 35; Boston Gazette, issue 447 (October 24, 1763): 2; New Hampshire Gazette, issue 368 (October 28, 1763): 2.

71 Franklin, The Interest of Great Britain Considered, 21, 16. Original emphasis.

72 Pittock, The Myth of the Jacobite Clans. For a selection of homogenizing commentaries among many, see: London Evening Post, issue 2780 (August 29–31, 1745): 4; The Scots Magazine, vol. 7 (September, 1745): 437; Fielding, A Dialogue Between the Devil, the Pope, and the Pretender (London, 1745), 37, 40; Boston News Letter, issue 2285 (February 6, 1746): 1; Anon, Remarks on the People and Government of Scotland. Particularly the Highlanders; their Original Customs, Manners, &c. with A Genuine Account of the Highland Regiment that was Decoyed to London, (Edinburgh, 1747), 7.

73 See, for example: Remarks on the People and Government of Scotland … , Title page, 2, 4; Wallace, A Sermon Preached, 22, 26, 31; An Antidote Against the Infectious Contagion … , 9–11; Superiorities Display’d … , 8, 12–14; Walker, A Short Account of the Rise, Progress, and Present State, 22–23, 28–29, 49–51, 53–54, 64.

74 Anon, A Brief Account of the Methods … , 9–11, 19.

75 Richter, Dathan’s Account of the Political Conduct, 3. Original emphasis. For similar examples, see: A Letter to the People … , 22; Silence, ed. The Foundling Hospital for Wit, 5, 16, 35; Anon, A Copy of a Letter from Quebeck in Canada, 1–2. Adam’s Weekly Courant, reprinted in: A Collection of Political Tracts (Edinburgh, 1747), 15–17.

76 Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism, 68–84; Colley, Britons, 85–93; Wilson, The Sense of the People, chapter 3. Wilson quotes at: 169, 173, 174. Key works reproducing the post 1746 framework are: Colley, Britons; Conway, War, State, and Society; Devine, The Scottish Nation, chapter 11; Dziennik, “Whig Tartan”; Dziennik, The Fatal Land.

77 Anon, A Serious and Earnest Address … , 8. Original emphasis.

78 Anon, A Collection of Loyal Songs. For the Use of the Revolution Club …  (Edinburgh, 1748), 6, 8. Original emphasis.

79 For instance: A Dialogue, especially 37–41; Anon, The Highlanders Salivated, or the Loyal Association of M__ll K__g’s Midnight Club …  (London, 1746); Anon, A Letter to the Most Noble Thomas, Duke of Newcastle, On Certain Points of the Last Importance to these Nations …  (London, 1746), especially 2–9, 38; Prince, A Sermon Delivered …  especially 25; A Serious and Earnest Address … , 8; Silence, The Foundling Hospital, 16; Whitelock, The Peace-Offering, especially 2, 24.

80 A Letter to the Most Noble Thomas … , 38.

81 Prince, A Sermon Delivered … , 25. Original emphasis.

82 A Congratulatory Letter to Cardinal Tencin … , 12. Original emphasis.

83 A Select Collection, 165, 167; London Evening Post, issue 5598 (September 17–20, 1763): 5. Also see: St. James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, issue 171 (April 13–15, 1762): 3.

84 Entick, The General History of the Late War, 122.

85 St. James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, issue 171 (April 13–15, 1762): 3; A Collection of Loyal Songs, 167; Entick, The General History of the Late War, 122–23.

86 A Select Collection, 165, 167–168; London Evening Post, issue 5598 (September 17–20, 1763): 5. My emphasis.

87 Quoted in: Anon, A Letter to the Author of the North Briton … (London, 1763), 45.

88 St. James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, issue 370 (July 16–19, 1763): 2.

89 I argue this point elsewhere: Lockton, Warriors of Empire, chapter 5. On the cultural trauma of the early years of the colonial crisis, see: Wahrman, “The English Problem of Identity in the American Revolution.”