Abstract
The advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing in the 1980s ushered in a new era of manufacturing. Original 3D printers were large, expensive and difficult to operate, but recent advances in 3D printer technologies have drastically increased the accessibility of these machines such that individual surgical departments can now afford their own 3D printers. As adoption of 3D printing technology has increased within the medical industry so too has the number of 3D printable materials. Selection of the appropriate printer and material for a given application can be a daunting task for any clinician. This review seeks to describe the benefits and drawbacks of different 3D printing technologies and the materials used therein. Commercially available printers using fused deposition modelling or fused filament fabrication technology and relatively inexpensive thermoplastic materials have enabled rapid manufacture of anatomic models and intraoperative tools as well as implant prototyping. Titanium alloys remain the gold-standard material for various implants used in the fixation of craniofacial or extremity fractures, but polymers and ceramics are showing increasing promise for these types of applications. An understanding of these materials and their compatibility with various 3D printers is essential for application of this technology in a healthcare setting.
Acknowledgements
The authors recognise Joshua Vahary for his contribution to this work as he was invaluable for gaining an understanding of how 3D printers work and the pitfalls one faces when using them.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).