In silico analysis to understand genetic variability, phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships between Phytophthora capsici isolates infecting various crops

Abstract

Phytophthora capsici is a major oomycete-based pathogen causing enormous damage to the productivity of peppers and other major crops from different families worldwide by causing fruit rot, root rot and foliar blight diseases. This study utilized molecular signatures present within ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 and Ras-related GTP binding protein (Ypt1) genes to evaluate haplotype variability and phylogenetic relationships among P. capsici isolates with significant epidemiological implications. Twelve different evolutionary lineages specific to particular hosts and/or geographical regions and differed by SNPs, and 30 haplotypes with maximum diversity in India and Pakistan, were identified by sequence analysis of the ITS regions. It includes country-specific lineages Pc-I and Pc-II in India with multiple host ranges; capsicum-specific lineages Pc-IV, Pc-V and Pc-VIII from Pakistan; papaya-specific lineages Pc-VI from China, and watermelon-specific lineages Pc-VII and Pc-XI from USA. Many lineages showed cross-border infections, such as Pc-III and Pc-X in India and Pakistan, Cocoa-specific lineage Pc-IX in Brazil and Cote d’Ivoire, and Capsicum-specific multi-continental lineage Pc-XII. Similarly, 11 different SNP lineages and 32 haplotypes with maximum diversity in China were identified for the Ypt1 gene. These findings would be very useful for epidemiological surveillance of P. capsici strains worldwide, understanding population and evolutionary dynamics, developing lineage- and haplotype-specific diagnostic assays and disease-resistant varieties.

Keywords:

• Phytophthora capsici
• ITS
• Ypt1
• haplotype
• evolutionary lineages
• epidemiology

Author contributions

Surender Kumar: Literature search, data collection, analysis, rough draft writing, tables, and figures. Anupama Singh: Conceptualization, research strategy, article outline, tables and figures, article editing.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.