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Original Articles

Wounded Veterans and the State: the precursor of the veteran’s home in Sweden (1560–1650)

 

Abstract

The aim of this article is to explain the prehistory of the veteran’s home in Sweden. In the 16th century the Swedish army was reorganized and conscripted soldiers became an important part of the army. The conscripted soldiers were peasants, and in 1620 King Gustavus Adolphus reorganized the army so that the peasantry became the major source of soldiers to the army. The system was quite different from others in Europe, most countries having armies based on mercenaries. In 1622, the king started a fund for wounded soldiers and launched a plan for a veteran’s home in the old monastery buildings in Vadstena, which was opened in the years around 1640. The fund and the plans for the veteran’s home can thus be said to have come from the fact that the Swedish king raised his army from the peasants, and this in turn meant that he had a stronger responsibility for them than other kings in Europe. The wounded soldiers therefore became a category of the poor that society thought were qualified for help in 17th-century Sweden.

Notes

1 Fagerlund, Finlands leprosorier, 52: ‘Vndertijdhen blifuet hufuudwill, och kan intet mehra styra sigh’.

2 This article is part of my thesis project at Linköping University, called ‘The Wounded Soldiers of the Great Power: State, Care and Power-legitimization in Early Modern Sweden’ (the thesis will be published at the end of 2014), in which the questions in this article will be more thoroughly discussed.

3 Tilly, Coercion, 67–8, 70–6.

4 Fukuyama, The Origins of Political Order, 110–15.

5 Sven A Nilsson’s research project was called ’Sociala och statsfinansiella problem i 1600-talets samhälle’; see Lindegren, ‘Sven A Nilsson’, 618–19.

6 Lindegren, ‘The Swedish ‘Military State’, 330–2.

7 Ibid., 309.

8 Martines, Furies, xiv.

9 Hudson, The English Privy Council, 241.

10 Larsson, ‘Gustav Vasa och den nationella hären’, 252.

11 Nilsson, De stora krigens tid, 152–5.

12 Huhtamies, Knektar och bönder, 39.

13 Lindegren, Utskrivning och utsugning, 151.

14 Norberg, Polen i svensk politik, 119.

15 Forssberg, Att hålla folket på gott humör, 16.

16 ‘Instruction ställt för then Stormechtigeste Högborne Furstes och Herres Her Erickz then Fiortonde […] the såsom i Stockholm vti högbe:te Kong. M:ttz fråwaru tillstädes blifwa schole etc’, 1 November 1563. In Handlingar rörande Skandinaviens historia, vol. 27, 39.

17 Lager-Kromnow, Att vara Stockholmare, 199.

18 Handlingar rörande Skandinaviens historia, vol. 27, 89.

19 Kjöllerström, 1571 års kyrkoordning, 197: ‘blinde, halte, skottne, hugne eller slagne’.

20 Sandholm, Kyrkan och hospitalshjonen, 174: ‘ther K. Maj. haffuer synnerligen förordnedt theres vnderhåld, som för Rigzens Fiender någenn schade lidit haffue’.

21 Lis and Soly, Fattigdom och kapitalism, 119–22.

22 Sandholm, Kyrkan och hospitalshjonen, 175: ‘siuke och förlammede kronones tienare’.

23 Sandholm, Kyrkan och hospitalshjonen, 174: ‘af wåra fiender skåmfererats uti deras lemmar’.

24 The Swedish National Archives (SNA). Riksregistraturen, 23 May 1616.

25 For example, Mats Larsson, SNA. Riksregistraturen 24 July 1616; Måns Torstensson, SNA. Riksregistraturen, 12 August 1616.

26 Levander, Fattigt folk och tiggare, 98: ‘den oordning som klagas mycket vara i landet, med tiggeri av knektar och båtsmän, avställes [avskaffas], och att detsamma med andra lättingar, de där stryka utur den ena provinsen i den andra, tages i akt’.

27 The Military Archives. Krigskollegium, Krigsmanshuskontoret, D XXV vol. 67, Avskrifter av donationsbrev, 30 July 1622: ‘för fäderneslandzens välfärd, illa förlammade äre, och theras brödh haffua skola i Wastena Closter’.

28 ‘Uppå Kongl. Maj:ttz wår allernådigste Herress och Konungz framställte Punchter’, 20: ‘Så ähr och een swår Oordning inkommen, af thett oeendelige Tiggerij, som Almogen swårligen beswärar, både j Städerna och på Landzbygden, af Barn, Siuka, förlammadhe, Huussarna, sammaledes Båtzmänn och knechter, som och myckett löpa om Land, och icke giärna ähre till fridz, medh thett, gått Folck them gifwer’.

29 Ibid., 44–5.

30 Svenska riksrådets protokoll 1635.

31 SNA. Riksregistraturen, 19 March 1639, fol. 248.

32 SNA. Riksregistraturen, 9 March 1639, fol. 176.

33 Even if Sten Karling claims that they are in the archive of Riddarhuset; Karling, ‘Simon De la Vallée och Vadstena krigsmanshus’, 143–54.

34 SNA. Kammararkivet, Kyrko-, skol- och hospitalsräkenskaper, vol. 38, fol. 1-24.

35 The Military Archives. Krigskollegium, Krigsmanshuskontoret: Verifikationer till huvudböckerna, 1641-1644.

36 Bergström, Vadstena krigsmanshus, 30.

37 The difference between the limits of the Veteran’s Home and the far greater need is more thoroughly discussed in the thesis.

38 The situation in Finland seems to have been improved, but the idea that the eastern part should have its own Veteran’s home was now and then on the table. As late as in the years around 1680 this question was still present.

39 Sandholm, Kyrkan och hospitalshjonen, 175: ‘Sombliga förlammade, och ehn deel gamble Slotztienare’.

40 Sandholm, Kyrkan och hospitalshjonen, 176: ‘så kunne inga andra fattighe bliffua hullpne’.

41 Sandholm, Kyrkan och hospitalshjonen, 176.

42 Sandén, Stadsgemenskapens resurser och villkor, 13–19.

43 McMurtrie, The Disabled Soldiers, 16.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Erik Petersson

Erik Petersson (1985) is a PhD student at Linköping University. He is currently working on a thesis dealing with the care for wounded soldiers in the 17th century and the veteran’s home in Vadstena. His main research interests are state formation and the role of the individual in history.

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