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Articles

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Pages 60-79 | Published online: 22 Mar 2010
 

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.

Notes

1. Justyna Wubs-Mrocewicz, Hansards and the ‘Other’. Perceptions and Strategies in Late Medieval Bergen (forthcoming).

2. Julius Hartung, ‘Die Spiele der Deutschen in Bergen’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter (HGbll.) 7, (1877): 89–114; Karl Koppmann, ‘Herluf Lauritssöns Bericht über die Spiele zu Bergen’, HGbll. 7, (1877): 140–3; K.E.H. Krause, ‘Zu den Bergen'schen Spielen’, HGbll. (1880–1): 109–24; Yngvar Nielsen, ‘Vedtægter og Dokumenter fra det hanseatiske Kontor i Bergen og dettes enkelte Gaarde’, in: Forhandlinger i ‘Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania. Aar 1892’, Christiania 1893, no. 7; Colmar Schumann, ‘Die Deutsche Brücke in Bergen’, HGbll. (1889): 55–128.

3. Friedrich Bruns, Die Lübecker Bergenfahrer und ihre Chronistik(Quellen und Darstellungen zur Hansegeschichte, NF, vol. 4) (Berlin: Pass und Garleb, 1900).

4. Friedrich Bruns, Das Frachtherrenbuch der Lübecker Bergenfahrer. Herausgegeben von Ahasver von Brandt (HMS, Nr. 17) (Bergen, 1953); Friedrich Bruns, Die Sekretäre des Deutschen Kontors zu Bergen (HMS, Nr. 13) (Bergen: Grieg, 1939); Friedrich Bruns, ‘Norweger und Deutsche in Bergen’, HGbll. (1900): 142–52; Christian Koren Wiberg, Det hanseatiske Museums Manuskriptsamling (HMS, Nr. 5) (Bergen: Grieg, 1926); Christian Koren Wiberg, Hanseaterne og Bergen. Forholdet mellem de kontorske og det bergenske bysamfund (HMS, Nr. 6) (Bergen: Grieg, 1932); Johan Schreiner, Hanseatene og Norge i det 16. Århundre (Oslo: Dylowad, 1941); Johan Schreiner, Hanseatene och Norges nedgang (Oslo: Steen, 1935).

5. Johan Schreiner, ‘Die deutschen Schuhmacher in Bergen’, HGbll. 81, (1963): 124–9; Johan Schreiner , ‘Die Frage nach der Stellung des deutschen Kaufmanns zur norwegischen Staatsmacht’, HGbll. 74, (1956): p. 1–12; Johan Schreiner, ‘Bemerkungen zum Hanse-Norwegen-Problem’, HGbll. 72, (1954): 64–78.

6. Arnved Nedkvitne, ‘Utenrikshandelen fra det vestafjelske Norge 1100–1600’ (Diss. Unpublished, Universitetet i Bergen 1983).

7. Antjekathrin Graßmann, ‘Zur Rückführung der Lübecker Archivbestände aus der ehemaligen DDR und USSR 1978 und 1990’, HGbll. 110, (1992): 57–70.

8. Antjekathrin Graßmann, ed., Das Hansische Kontor in Bergen und die Lübecker Bergenfahrer. International Workshop Lübeck 2003 (Veröffentlichungen zur Geschichte der Hansestadt Lübeck. Herausgegeben vom Archiv der Hansestadt, Reihe B, Bd. 41) (Lübeck: Schmidt-Römhild, 2005); Geir Atle Ersland and Marco Trebbi, eds., Neue Studien zum Archiv und zur Sprache der Hanseaten (Det Hanseatiske Museums skrifter 28.) (Bergen: Museum Vest, Det Hanseatiske Museum, 2008); Justyna Wubs-Mrocewicz, Traders, Ties, and Tensions. The Interaction of Lübeckers, Overijsselers and Hollanders in Late Medieval Bergen (Hilversum: Verloren, 2008); Mike Burkhardt, Der hansische Bergenhandel im Spätmittelalter. Handel-Kaufleute-Netzwerke (Köln/Weimar: Böhlan, 2009); and the numerous articles of the latter two authors on that subject.

9. Although the Hanseatic League comprised many more inland towns than coastal towns, we will concentrate on the so-called Wendish towns here (Lübeck, Wismar, Stralsund, Rostock, Hamburg, plus Bremen), as they were the big players in the Bergen market with the only strong internal competition coming from the Zujdersea towns: Burkhardt, Bergenhandel; Wubs-Mrocewicz, Traders, Ties, and Tensions.

10. Mike Burkhardt, ‘Die Ordnungen der vier Hansekontore Bergen, Brügge, London und Nowgorod’, in Das Hansische Kontor in Bergen und die Lübecker Bergenfahrer, ed. Antjekathrin Graßmann, (Lübeck: Schmidt-Römhild, 2005), 58–77.

11. Wubs-Mrocewicz, Hansards and the ‘Other’; Mike Burkhardt, ‘Policy. Business. Privacy – Contacts Made by the Merchants of the Hanse Kontor in Bergen in the Late Middle Ages’, in Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange. Continuity and Change in the North Sea area and the Baltic c. 1350-1750, ed. Hanno Brand (Hilversum: Verloren, 2005), 136–51.

12. Espen Bowitz Andersson, ed., Bryggen. The Hanseatic Settlement in Bergen (Hanseatiske Museums Skrifter, Nr. 24) (Bergen: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Olav Brattegard, ‘Über die Organisation und Urkunden des Hansischen Kontors zu Bergen bis 1580’, BHFS 38, (1932): 237–304; Bruns, Die Lübecker Bergenfahrer und ihre Chronistik; Mike Burkhardt, Der hansische Bergenhandel im Spätmittelalter – Handel, Kaufleute, Netzwerke, (Quellen und Darstellungen zur Hansischen Geschichte, LX) (Köln: Böhlaw, 2009); Mike Burkhardt, ‘Das Hansekontor in Bergen im Spätmittelalter – Organisation und Struktur’, HGBll. 124, (2006): 21–70; Graßmann, Das Hansische Kontor in Bergen und die Lübecker Bergenfahrer; Knut Helle, Bergens By Historie. Bind 1. Kongssete og kj⊘pstad. Fra opphavet til 1536 (Bergen: Univ.-Forl., 1982); Nedkvitne, ‘Utenrikshandelen fra det vestafjelske Norge 1100–1600’; Arnved Nedkvitne, ‘Stapelreguleringer, handelsveier og varekvanta i bergenshandelen i seinmiddelalderen’, Historisk Tidskrift (N) 57, (1978): 53–92; Curt Weibull, ‘Lübecks Schiffahrt und Handel nach den nordischen Reichen 1368 und 1398–1400. Studien nach den lübischen Pfundzollbüchern’, ZVLGA 47, (1967): 5–98.

13. For a discussion on how this system still could be profitable to the Hanse merchants see Mike Burkhardt, Business as Usual? A Critical View on Lübeck's Pound Toll Registry (forthcoming).

14. Mike Burkhardt, ‘100 years of Thriving Commerce at a Major English Sea Port – The Hanseatic Trade at Boston between 1370 and 1470’, in The Dynamics of Economic Culture in the North Sea and Baltic Region in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, vol. 1, ed. Hanno Brand, Poul Holm and Leos Müller (Hilversum: Verloren, 2007), 65–85.

15. Nedkvitne, Utenrikshandelen, 116f.

16. T.H. Lloyd, England and the German Hanse 1157–1611. A Study of their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 84–92; Stuart Jenks, England, die Hanse und Preußen: Handel und Diplomatie, 1377–1474 (Quellen und Darstellungen zur Hanischen Geschichte, XXXVIII) (Köln: Böhlau, 1992), 1: 452.

17. Burkhardt, Thriving Commerce.

18. The term detour might be a modern implication, as on medieval maps Bergen is placed on the southern shores of Norway and thus might, in the eyes of the merchants, just have been a natural choice as port on the direct way from Lübeck to Boston.

19. Burkhardt, Der hansische Bergenhandel im Spätmittelalter.

20. According to Bruns, only three Bergenfahrers were found to be members of the town council in the late Middle Ages.

21. Tideman Junge, Albert van der Brugge and Marquard Boonhorst are registered twice due to the unrest and sacking of the old town council in 1408 and their reinstatement in 1416.

22. The influence indicator is simply a mathematical construction in order to show the influence of Bergenfahrers by sheer numbers. I simply divided the number of years with the number of Bergenfahrers in the town council in the respective time span. It gives no information about the real influence of a certain Bergenfahrer within the town council.

23. Carsten Jahnke, Gott gebe, dass wir alle selig werden. Verzeichnis der Mitglieder der Lübecker Heilig-Leichnams-, St. Antonius- und St. Leonhards-Bruderschaften zur Burg bis zur Reformation (Veröffentlichungen zur Geschichte der Hansestadt Lübeck, Reihe B) (forthcoming).

24. Thomas Brück, ‘Korporationen der Bergenfahrer in den wendischen Städten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Stralsunds’, in Genossenschaftliche Strukturen in der Hanse (Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte, N.F., Bd. XLVIII), ed. Nils Jörn (Köln: Böhlaw, 1999), 135–64.

25. Thomas Brück, ‘Korporationen der Bergenfahrer in den wendischen Städten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Stralsunds’, in Genossenschaftliche Strukturen in der Hanse (Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte, N.F., Bd. XLVIII), ed. Nils Jörn (Köln: Böhlaw, 1999), 135–64.

26. Wubs-Mrocewicz, Traders, Ties, and Tensions.

27. For example Johan Krevet, alderman at Bryggen 1454/55 (Hanserezesse II, 4, Nr. 351) is mentioned as member of the town council of Wismar in 1475 (Hanserezesse II, 7, Nr. 275).

28. Burkhardt, Der hansische Bergenhandel im Spätmittelalter.

29. All prosopographical information can be inspected on the CD included with the publication Burkhardt, Der hansische Bergenhandel im Spätmittelalter.

30. See Carsten Jahnke, Netzwerke in Handel und Kommunikation an der Wende vom 15. zum 16. Jahrhundert am Beispiel zweier Revaler Kaufleute (Habil.) (Kiel: Universität Kiel, 2003).

31. For a further discussion of historical network theory, its application on medieval merchants, and examples of qualitative network charts, see Burkhardt, Der hansische Bergenhandel im Spätmittelalter, 39–61, 183–316, and charts on CD included with that publication.

32. For a further discussion of historical network theory, its application on medieval merchants, and examples of qualitative network charts, see Burkhardt, Der hansische Bergenhandel im Spätmittelalter, 39–61, 183–316, and charts on CD included with that publication.

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