Acknowledgements
Van Leeuwen is grateful to Jan Kok and members of the audience present at the celebration of 60 years Scandinavian Economic History Review for their comments, and to Chris Gordon for polishing this text.
Notes
11Fellmann et al., Creating Nordic Capitalism (Citation2008).
17Following Ultee et al., Sociologie (Citation2003). An alternative way of proceeding would have been to consider how interdisciplinary endeavours between the social sciences and history have evolved up until now. For surveys, see Abbot, ‘History’ (Citation1991). Skocpol, Vision (Citation1984). Skocpol, ‘Social History’ (Citation1987). Steckel, ‘Social Science History’ (Citation2007). or Kok/Wouters, ‘Virtual knowledge (Citation2013, forthcoming). See also van der Linden/Lucassen, Prolegomena (Citation1999).
21Other confounding factors are professional organizations and trade unions. In a meritocratic view of the world, such institutions certify that a person has what skills are needed for a certain job, but they may function as institutional hindrances to newcomers. Political regimes might also matter in loosening or tightening the occupational bonds between parents and children, as do family systems and inheritance laws and practices.
23Ganzeboom et al., ‘Intergenerational Class Mobility’ (Citation1989); there is no consensus, Breen, Social Mobility (Citation2004).
25‘In risk perception, humans act less as individuals and more as social beings who have internalized social pressures and delegated their decision-making processes to institutions. They manage as well as they do, without knowing the risks they face, by following social rules on what to ignore: institutions are their problem-simplifying devices’, Douglas/Wildavsky, Risk (Citation1982), 80. Boudon, ‘Subjective Rationality’ (Citation1989). Tversky/Kahneman, ‘Framing of Decisions’ (Citation1981), and the essays in Kahneman et al., Judgment (Citation1982).
27‘Institutions reduce uncertainty by providing a structure to everyday life’, North, Institutions (Citation1990), 3 et passim.
29While this approach might ring a bell with many historians, it is not one which has yet engendered a great many studies on risks in past societies. Perhaps historical studies on the decline of magic or on the interpretation of nature and natural disasters could be interpreted in this fashion. See, for example, Thomas, Religion (Citation1971), and Thomas, Man and the Natural World (Citation1983). Praying, for that matter, can be considered a way of risk management. For early studies suggesting this, see Febvre, ‘Pour l'histoire d'un sentiment’ (Citation1956), and Delumeau, Rassurer et protéger (Citation1989).
33The list of classic studies is, of course, longer. See, for example, Ostrom, Governing the Commons (Citation1990). See also recent studies on cooperative breeding, the notion that forms of human behaviour - such as family systems and mutual aid – have evolved out of a relatively strong innate human drive to cooperate, Sear/Coall, ‘How much does family matter?’ (Citation2011).
36See, for example, Alber, Vom armenhaus (Citation1982). Lindert, Growing Public (Citation2004); For my own research on charity, philanthropy, and mutual aid see van Leeuwen, ‘Trade Unions’ (Citation1997). ‘Guilds’ (Citation2012). ‘Giving in Early Modern History’ (Citation2012). van Leeuwen/Wiepking, ‘National Campaigns’ (Citationforthcoming). For a recent summary of the findings of philanthropic studies, see Bekkers/Wiepking, ‘Literature Review’ (Citation2011).
37Akerlof, ‘Market’ (Citation1970). Arrow, ‘Uncertainty’ (Citation1971). Stiglitz, Economics (Citation1988); for a discussion of social mechanisms to combat moral hazards, see Hechter, Principles (Citation1987); for examples of the historical development of mutual aid societies globally, see van der Linden, Social Security (Citation1996).
41Not that these data are not used today, but they are the preserve of intelligence agencies, states, banks, and other corporations, such as Facebook, and subject to privacy rules. Such rules do not usually apply for those long dead.
45E.g. the househould classification systems by Laslett and Hamel. The priest, the vicar and the civil servant may note events duly but not always in a ‘neutral’ way or uniform e.g. in the case of illegitimate children, see e.g. Szreter et al., Categories (Citation2004).
50Which is difficult, as Buchmann/Hannum, ‘Education’ (Citation2001) concluded.
51It is one of the collaboratories hosted by the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam.
53See, for example, for Russia http://occupations.asu.ru. HISCO codes are used in various collaborative projects to harmonize data. See, for example, the European Historical Population Samples Network (EHPS-Net), http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/social-sciences-scss/european-historical-population-samples-network-ehps-net.html; the Mosaic project on Recovering Surviving Census Records to Reconstruct Population, Economic, and Cultural History, http://www.censusmosaic.org; the North Atlantic Population Project (NAPP), http://www.nappdata.org/napp; the CLIO-INFRA project, http://www.clio-infra.eu; a project at the Centre for Global Economic History at Utrecht University to reconstruct economic inequalities over the past two centuries globally, http://www.cgeh.nl
55Conzen, ‘Quantification’ (Citation1983), quotes from pages 664, 672, 655 and 676.
56Samuelson, Economics (1967).
58Humphries/Hindle, ‘Editor's Introduction’ (Citation2009), 1.
60Broadberry/Hindle, ‘Editor's Introduction’ (Citation2011).
63Broadberry et al., ‘British Economic Growth’ (Citation2011). Malanima, ‘Long Decline’ (Citation2011). Álvarez-Nogal/Prados de la Escosura, ‘Rise and Fall’, 2012. Broadberry/Gupta, ‘India’ (Citation2012). Bassino et al., ‘Japan’ (Citation2012). Guan/Li, ‘Chinese Economic Growth’ (Citation2012). Broadberry, S./Klein, A., ‘Aggregate and per capita GDP in Europe’ (Citation2012).
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