The effects of high metal concentrations in soil-compost mixtures on soil enzymes

Abstract

The study was undertaken to determine the impact of high-metal composts on the activities of four soil enzymes. High concentrations of metal salts (Cr, Cu, Ni or a Co-Mo-Pb combination) were added to feedstocks during the thermophilic stage of composting. These four metal-enriched composts and an unamended control compost were then mixed with soil collected from long-term agriculture plots under organic management or conventional management. The compost-soil mixtures were prepared at two rates (1:1 or 1:3 compost:soil, v/v) and incubated at 20°C for three weeks. These 20 combinations plus the five composts and the two soils were added to pots and incubated for three weeks. Following incubation, soil enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, arysulfatase, dehydrogenase, phosphodiesterase) were measured using traditional assay procedures. Compared to the control, none of the high-metal composts inhibited soil enzyme activity. Notably, the Cu compost treatment produced significantly higher activity of all four enzymes in the soil compared to the control. Previous soil management influenced the activity of three enzymes, arysulfatase and dehydrogenase had greater activity in the organic soil while phosphatase activity was greater in the conventional soil. Increasing the proportion of compost in the pot had a positive effect on phosphodiesterase activity only. In conclusion, the high-metal compost treatments either enhanced or caused no adverse effects on soil enzyme activity.

Keywords:

• Acid phosphatase
• arylsulfatase
• compost
• dehydrogenase
• heavy metals
• phosphodiesterase

Acknowledgments

The research was supported by a Discovery grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Thanks are extended to Allen Joseph for his help with the statistical analyses.

Notes

* The maximum concentration allowable (mg kg^{− 1} oven-dried compost) based on the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment(CCME) Guidelines for Compost Quality.^{[ 1 ]}

^x Micrograms para nitrophenol (pnp) released/g soil (oven dried equiv./min).

^y Micrograms triphenyl formazan (tpf) released/g soil (oven dried equiv./hr)

*** = 0.0001

** = 0.001

* = 0.05 or not significant (NS) based on Dunnett's multiple range comparison.

^x Micrograms para nitrophenol (pnp) released/g soil (oven dried equiv./min).

^y Micrograms triphenyl formazan (tpf) released/g soil (oven dried equiv./hr).