Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5–51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition – toxic effects and benefits

Abstract

Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5–51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.

Keywords:

• Cytochrome P450
• xenobiotics
• endogenous compounds
• steroids
• eicosanoids
• vitamin D
• vitamin A
• retinoids
• enzyme inhibition
• enzyme induction

Acknowledgments

In memory of Vjekoslava (Vjeka) Rendic.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Institutes of Health under Grants R01 GM118122 and R01 GM103937. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.