Singularities of nevirapine metabolism: from sex-dependent differences to idiosyncratic toxicity

Abstract

Nevirapine (NVP) is a first-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor widely used for the treatment and prophylaxis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The drug is taken throughout the patient’s life and, due to the availability of an extended-release formulation, it is administered once daily. This antiretroviral is one of the scarce examples of drugs with prescription criteria based on sex, in order to prevent adverse reactions. The therapy with NVP has been associated with potentially life-threatening liver and idiosyncratic skin toxicity. Multiple evidence has emerged regarding the formation of electrophilic NVP metabolites as crucial for adverse idiosyncratic reactions. The formation of reactive metabolites that yield covalent adducts with proteins has been demonstrated in patients under NVP-based treatment. Interestingly, several pharmacogenetic- and sex-related factors associated with NVP toxicity can be mechanistically explained by an imbalance toward increased formation of NVP-derived reactive metabolites and/or impaired detoxification capability. Moreover, the haptenation of self-proteins by these reactive species provides a plausible link between NVP bioactivation and immunotoxicity, further supporting the relevance of this toxicokinetics hypothesis. In the current paper, we review the existing knowledge and recent developments on NVP metabolism and their relation to NVP toxicity.

Keywords:

• Nevirapine
• bioactivation
• protein adducts
• sulfotransferases
• hepatotoxicity
• sex-dependent differences
• drug metabolism
• adverse drug reactions
• pharmacogenetics

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Acknowledgements

We thank Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal for financial support, (iNOVA4Health-UID/Multi/04462/2013, IF/01091/2013/CP1163/CT0001 and UID/QUI/00100/2013). ATM, CGD and CC thank FCT for doctoral fellowships SFRH/BD/92191/2013, PD/BD/105892/2014, and SFRH/BD/102846/2014, respectively.