Age-related impairment in instrumental conditioning is restricted to initial acquisition

Abstract

Performance on a variety of cognitive tasks has been reported to decline across the life span. The present research evaluated appetitive instrumental learning in young and mature rats. In Experiment 1, subjects were trained to criterion, placed on extinction training to criterion, and subsequently retrained for a total of three cycles. Results indicated that mature animals were impaired in the initial acquisition of the bar-press response but reacquired the response as quickly as young animals. Resistance to extinction was not significantly impaired in the mature group, both groups increased resistance by the third extinction period, despite the brevity of reinforcement. In Experiment 2, young and mature subjects underwent appetitive instrumental training that continued beyond the acquisition criterion for the first experiment. After the response had been established (to criterion), performance levels were equivalent for young and mature subjects. The number of responses were not significantly different between young and mature groups on the day criterion was met; comparison of number of responses for 4 days after criterion also indicated no significant differences over days of training or between age groups. Examination of the number of responses occurring early in training indicated no significant group difference; hence, the earlier acquisition by young animals in Experiment 1 does not appear to reflect greater activity level in younger animals resulting in earlier and greater exposure to reinforced responses. Results may reflect the contribution of use-induced plasticity, such as long-term potentiation, within brain systems involved in learning and memory. These findings are consistent with evidence of the effects of use and disuse on neurobiological and cognitive function.