Modeling the contemporaneous relationship in a continuous variable panel model

Abstract

Continuous-variable panel models are widely used in social and business research to assess the relationships between variables over time given measurements at several waves on a single sample of individuals. Emphasis is often placed on estimating and testing the cross-effects which are the regression coefficients indicating the lagged effect of one variable on another. For the simple two-variable model we consider the problem of incorpomating the contemporaneous relationship between the variables into the model. Three extensions of the “independent regressions” model are considered. Their similarities and differences are examined. The use of the models is illustrated by examining data on the attitudes toward the criminal justice system and capital punishment for a panel of petit jurors.

Keywords:

• panel analysis
• cross-lagged coefficients
• linear models
• maximum-likelihood estimation