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Original Articles

Rural‐urban variation in limed maize use and tortilla consumption by women in Guatemala

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Pages 279-288 | Received 03 Jul 1991, Accepted 15 Dec 1991, Published online: 31 Aug 2010
 

The tortilla, a flat‐cake made of alkali‐treated maize, is an important traditional staple of the Guatemalan diet and a particularly important source of dietary calcium. This cross‐sectional study examined rural‐urban variation in tortilla size and limed maize use in 60 households of Kekchi indigenous people from three rural, two semi‐urban and one very low‐income urban community of Guatemala. The mean weight ± SEM of tortillas from rural areas (53.1 ± 1.8) was significantly (p < .0001) greater than that of semi‐urban (40.9 ± 2.2) and urban (27.9 ± 4.2) tortillas. Tortillas prepared for sale (34.0 ± 2.9) were significantly (p < .0001) smaller than those prepared exclusively for home consumption (50.3 ± 1.7). Thus, size differences in tortillas may confound quantitative estimation of tortilla intake. More limed maize per person was prepared in semi‐urban than rural households whereas less tortilla was consumed by urban than semi‐urban adult women. In this study, women's tortilla intake did not characterize that of the household as a whole. Women who consumed bread ate significantly less tortilla per day than bread non‐consumers and did not include milk in their diets as a replacement source of calcium. Housing quality, an indicator of socio‐economic status, and the amount of limed maize prepared per person were significantly positively correlated. Using an age index for the household as a co‐variate, the number of household members and the amount of limed maize prepared per person were significantly inversely correlated. This raises concern that the nutrient requirements of members of large‐sized households were not met.

La tortilla, alimento elaborado de maíz tratado con álcali, ha sido traditionalmente la base, y una fuente importante de calcio, en la dieta del guatemalteco. En este estudio transversal, estudiamos la varación rural‐urbana de la tortilla, en términos de tamaño y uso de maíz tratado con cal, en 60 hogares integrados por familias indígenas de origen Kekchi. Estos hogares provenían de tres comu‐nidades rurales, dos semiurbanas, y una urbana de bajos ingresos económicos de la ciudad capital de Guatemala. El peso promedio ± DE de las tortillas (gramos) del area rural (53.1 ± 1.8) fue signi‐ficativamente mayor (p < 0.0001) que las semiurbanas (40.9 ± 2.2) y urbanas (27.9 ± 4.2). Las tortillas elaboradas para la venta (34.0 ± 2.9) fueron significativamente menores (p < 0.0001) que las preparadas para consumo en el hogar (50.3 ± 1.7). Por lo tanto, la diferencia en el tamaño de las tortillas podría ser un factor de confusión en la estimación cuantitativa de la ingesta de tortíllas. Se preparaba más maíz tratado con alcali por persona en los hogares semiurbanos que en los rurales; las mujers adultas urbanas consumían menos tortillas que las semiurbanas. En este estudio, la ingesta de tortillas de las mujeres no caracterizaba el consumo del hogar como unidad. Las mujeres que consumian pan, comian significativamente menos tortillas por día que las que no consumían pan y tampoco incluían leche en la dieta, como fuente alterna de calcio. La calidad habitacional, un indicador del status socioeconómico, y la cantidad de maíz tratådo con álcali preparado por persona, se cor‐relacionaron positivamente. Usando un índice de edad para el hogar como covariable, el número de personas por hogar y la cantidad de maíz preparado con álcali por persona correlacionaron inversa‐mente. Estos hallazgos plantean la posibilidad de que en familias des los requerimientos nutri‐cionales no esten siendo satisfechos.

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