Abstract
Various types of programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs) are presented. A minimal PGA theorem is presented. 26 minimal PGAs each for inverting, buffered attenuator and non-inverting types can be derived using minimal programmable resistors. A PGA that can program any set of arbitrary gains is given. Two PGAs for programming gains of dual polarity and a PGA with dual polarity outputs are also included.
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