Stackelberg Game Theory Based Energy Management Systems in the Presence of Renewable Energy Sources

Abstract

The game theory concept has been adapted for energy management between energy producers and consumers in the presence of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs). The objective of the paper is to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources and EVs by the Stackelberg game theory model with real-time pricing. RES are the energy generation sources located near load centers to manage the demand of consumers. The primary objective of EV is transportation, but for managing the energy demand, EV participate in grid operations as a back up source of energy. EV are charged during off-peak hours and discharged to the grid during peak hours. Consumers benefited in terms of higher payoffs to supply energy during peak hours. To increase the payoffs, consumers can shift their appliance operation from high price duration to low price duration and create a new peak energy consumption. To maintain the balance between consumers and utility, an optimization tool is essential. The Stackelberg game theory model is a one leader and N followers’ game, the leader first declares the energy price and the follower respond by selecting their best response for energy consumption. The leader can update its strategy again by considering the follower best response to obtain maximum benefits. The process to achieve the best response of the follower and leader is called the Stackelberg nash equilibrium. Objective of energy producers is to supply maximum energy through renewable energy sources and the use of EVs as storage units. The prime objective of consumers is to minimize energy tariff by scheduling the appliances.

Keywords:

• Dissatisfaction function
• Electric vehicles
• Energy management center
• Real-time pricing
• Renewable energy sources
• Stackelberg game theory model

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Akash Talwariya

Akash Talwariya received the BTech in electrical engineering, MTech in power system from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan, India, in 2011 and 2015, respectively. Currently, he is pursuing PhD degree in electrical engineering from JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at JECRC University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. His current research interest includes smart grids, game theory, demand-side management and future network architectures. He published research papers in SCI and SCOPUS journals and conference proceedings. He was a member of the Institute of Scientific Research and Development. He was awarded Excellence in Academics by Institute of Technical and Scientific Research.

Pushpendra Singh

Pushpendra Singh received the MTech in power system and PhD in electrical engineering from Malviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT) Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. He is currently associate professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. He is the member of The Institute of Engineers, India. His research experience includes power system restructuring, power quality, integration of DERs, demand-side management, power system stability, smart grid, distributed generators, climate change mitigation, etc. Email: [email protected]

Mohan Lal Kolhe

Mohan Kolhe received the bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from MA College of Technology Bhopal, Bhopal University, India, in 1989, and the master's and doctorate degrees in energy engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India, in 1991 and 2000, respectively. He was a member of the Government of South Australia’s first renewable energy board (2009–2011) and actively contributed to developing renewable energy policies for South Australia. He was the Research Director (Renewable Energy) at the University of Jyvaskyla, Finland, where he developed the facilities for renewable electrolytic hydrogen production, fuel cell-powered small cars, and courses for the master’s program in renewable energy. In January 2007, he joined the College of Art, Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK, as a faculty in renewable energy. Currently, he is working as professor Department of Electrical Power Engineering, University of Agder, Norway. His current research interests include solar energy, fuel cell technologies, integration of renewable energy systems and energy economics. Email: [email protected]