Adaptive Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulator Coding Techniques for Target Detections in Parkinson’s

Abstract

Deep brain stimulation is a device-based neurosurgical technological method built into a well-known treatment distinctively and specifically for Parkinson’s Disease movement-disorders. Its basic function is to reduce motor symptoms and restore the motor functioning. However, the insertion of small microelectrode in STN of the brain is a complicated-mission. Embedding microsensors (microelectrodes) and encoding the DBS devices are challenging and primly quantified significant factors for the end-results/clinical-outcome. This study presents the latest in science – the Parkinson’s research and emphasizes the significance of the enveloping and all-encompassing well-known net works coupled with precisely DBS reaching targets. DBS also gives a unique-opportunity to study the electrical-activity (i.e., oscillating neural-activity) of various sub-cortical-structures in Parkinson’s brain. Progressing the objective of anatomical–structural and, also functional-net works engrossed in the invention of pathological–neural–activity shall resolve and improve the clinical-outcome with DBS and lower the dyskinesia's. The study also experimentally investigates over the latest discovery on target sub-cortical-structures and targeting-methods, and presents the thorough and meticulous innovative technologies and inventive mechanisms which props up encoding DBS techniques and gears-up choosing the parameters expectations in built bio-feedback-signals, i.e., biomarkers and local-field-potentials incorporated in DBS which are now defined to as adaptive closed-loop DBS systems. These scientific advances are focused for achieving to the prevention of cardinal-motoric-features by the least/likely dyskinesia’s. Enhancing the targeting of anatomical–structural and functional networks involved in the computationally generation of pathological neuronal and neural-activity will progress the DBS-effect clinically and prognostically and edge the dyskinesia’s and dysarthria’s (adverse-effects).

KEYWORDS:

• Adaptive closed-loop DBS devices
• Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
• DBS encoding
• DBS C + oding
• DBS Programming
• Local field potential’s (LFPs)
• Microrecording/Microelectrode Recording (MER)
• Open-loop DBS devices
• Parkinson’s disease (PD)
• Subthalamic-nucleus (STN)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to the Dept of Science & Technology (DST) for the Cognitive Science Research Initiative CSRI Project Grant [#SR/CSRI/201/2016] funded by the DST, Ministry of Science & Technology (MST), Government of India, New Delhi.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Department of Science and Technology, Government of India: [grant number SR/CSRI/201/2016].

Notes on contributors

Venkateshwarla Rama Raju

Venkateshwarla Rama Raju received the BSc (Hons) degree in electronics from Osmania University in 1984, a post BTech (Hons) degree in computer science & engineering (CSE) with artificial intelligence - robotics & biomedical engineering (AI&R, BME) specialization from the University of Hyderabad (UoH), Central University (HCU) in 1988, a MTech degree in computer science & technology with AI/NLP specialization from JNU New Delhi in 1992, and a PhD degree in transdiscipline biomedical engineering & neurology from Nizam's Inst. of Medical-Sciences (NIMS) 2009 all in India. He also pursued an advanced master's degree through advanced research in cognitive science (AI/Medical-Neuroscience, Natural Language-and-Speech Processing, Speech-Technology & Auditory-Processing) at ILASH-Research Centre, Computer Science Department, University of Sheffield (England, 1994-1995), a MPhil/DSc degree in biomedical-signal-processing from the Bioengineering-Transducers-Signal-Processing (BTSP) Research Group of the University of Leicester (UoL), Department of Engineering (England, 1995-1997). He worked as scientist/engineer at Planning Commission (New Delhi) through Indian Engineering Services (IES), and Research Fellow at UOS-and-UoL. He has worked on a DST Project at NIMHANS Psychiatry and Neurology Departments in association with Indian Institute of Science (IISc)-TATA Institute, Bangalore (1997-1998). Later he worked as a Reader in the Departments of BME & ECE, Osmania University (1997-1999). Presently, he is a full professor at CMRCET-JNTU (UGC Autonomous) Hyderabad involved in developing and applying new estimation, systems and control tools in order to build computational simulation and statistical models of electrical-activity in neural circuits affected by Parkinson's disease (PD), understand electro-physiological-dynamics of neural circuits in health/disease-states during DBS treatment, design more effective, adaptive, and safer DBS-strategies for neurological-neurodegenerative disorders; design new clinical/clinico-statistical experiments, develop/apply systems-level mathematical frameworks for modeling-and-controlling neuronal network activity in the brain with DBS using AI machine and deep learning techniques, create a more intelligent system for both placing-and-controlling the electrodes; implant an intelligent chip that continuously measures/monitors neural activity, and finally build an effective new cadre-of-researchers who bridge the training and thinking gaps toward major-advances in transdiscipline neuroscience. He has over 180 papers published in national and international journals and over 12 chapters in IFMBE Springer Nature proceedings. He is a professional member of different scientific societies of engineering medicine biology and computing: Life member of ISTE, senior member of IEEE (USA), British Computing Society (BCS, UK), LAM of Indian Academy of Neurology (IAN), Life Member of Indian Academy of Neurosciences (IANs) Member of International Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Society (WI, USA), Neurological Society of India (NSI), Member of Andhra Pradesh Neurology Society and Neuroscientists Association, etc.

Dabbeta Anji Reddy

Dabbeta Anji Reddy (PhD) is professor in the Dept of CSE, Vaageshwari College of Engineering (VCE) Telangana, India. Currently, he is a PhD scholar at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH). E-mail: [email protected]

D. Narsimha

D Narsimha is professor of CSE at the Dept of CSE, JNTU Hyderabad. He is guiding PhD scholars at JNTUH. E-mail: [email protected]

Konda Srinivas

Konda Srinivas has 23 years of experience in industry and teaching and served in various institutions. Presently, he is working as professor of computer science and engineering at CMR Technical Campus, Kandlakoya, Hyderabad. E-mail: [email protected]

Balmuri Kavitha Rani

Balmuri Kavitha Rani has 14 years of experience in industry and teaching. Presently, she is working as professor of computer science and engineering at CMR Technical Campus, Kandlakoya, Hyderabad. E-mail: [email protected]