Abstract
The Trans-Pacific Partnership, if ratified by all parties, is likely to have ramifications for the global defence market and the US’ economic and political strategy towards the Asia-Pacific region. Although the TPP excludes a number of defence-related issues such as defence procurement, the TPP’s provisions on technology transfers and intellectual property rights could bolster the US’ military-technology relations with the Asia-Pacific. For Europe, which is excluded from the Partnership, the likely impact of TPP is uncertain and could raise important challenges and opportunities related to Europe’s own defence-industrial relations with the Asia-Pacific and its wider security role in the region.
Notes
1 So far Malaysia is the only state-party to have ratified the TPP.
2 See Schaefer, “US Unilateralism Supplement to WTO Initiatives?”, and Capling and Ravenhill, “Multilateralising Regionalism”.
3 “The Post’s View – Ratify the Trans-Pacific Partnership”, Washington Post, 12 November 2015.
4 “Preamble – Transpacific Partnership”, 2015, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/TPP-Final-Text-Preamble.pdf.
5 Green and Goodman, “Geopolitics of Asia and the Pacific”.
6 “Remarks on the Next Phase of the U.S. Rebalance to the Asia-Pacific”, speech by the Secretary of Defense Ash Carter at the McCain Institute, Arizona State University, 6 April 2015.
7 Carter, “Remarks on the U.S. Rebalance”.
8 “Chapter 29 Exceptions”, 2015, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/TPP-Chapter-Summary-Exceptions-and-General-Provisions.pdf.
9 “TPP Final Table of Contents”, 2015, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/trans-pacific-partnership/tpp-full-text.
10 Ibid.
11 “SIPRI Military Expenditure Database”, 2015, https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex.
12 Bitzinger, “Defense Industries in Asia”, 457.
13 “TPP Final Table of Contents”.
14 Ibid.
15 Fiott, “The “TTIP-ing Point” and No “TTIP-ing” Point for European Defence?.
16 Zhu and Jeon, “Trade, FDI, and Information Technology” and Van Pottelsberghe and Lichtenberg, “Does FDI Transfer Technology?”.
17 Reppy, “Dual-Use Technology”, 269; Dombrowski and Gholz, Buying Military Transformation; Walsh, “The Role, Promise, and Challenges ”.
18 See, for example, Brooks, Producing Security.
19 Dombrowski and Gholz, Buying Military Transformation, 30.
20 Reppy, “Dual-Use Technology”, 269.
21 “Trans-Pacific Partnership: US Aerospace Companies Hope for Increased Trade While Labor Unions Predict Lost Jobs”, International Business Times, 6 October 2015.
22 National Science Foundation, “Asia’s Rising Science and Technology Strength”, vii.
23 OECD, “Main Science and Technology Indicators”, 2015, http://www.oecd.org/sti/msti.htm.
24 Ibid, 12.
25 “2016: Special 301 Report”, 7. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/USTR-2016-Special-301-Report.pdf
26 See Bellais and Guichard, “Defense Innovation”.
27 “TPP Final Table of Contents”. provided in footnote 9.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 “Don’t Forget the National-Security Case for TPP Trade Deal”, The Wall Street Journal, 23 October 2015.
31 Lord and Erickson, Rebalancing U.S. forces, and Simón and Fiott, “Europe After the U.S. Pivot”.
32 “Pacific pivot makes modest gains in early years”, Stars and Stripes, 29 June 2015.
33 “National Export Initiative Fact Sheet”, http://trade.gov/nei/nei-fact-sheet.asp.
34 Kelly et al. The U.S. Army in Asia, 2030-2040, 76.
35 USTR, “Previous Findings on the Economic Impact of TPP”. https://ustr.gov/about/TPP/Previous-Findings-Economic-Impact-TPP.
36 Ibid.
37 Nando, “The U.S.-Singapore FTA”, 17-18.
38 Ibid, 9.
39 Parameswaran, “US, Singapore Ink New Defense Pact”.
40 Fiott, “Europe and Pentagon’s Third Offset Strategy”.
41 “The Third U.S. Offset Strategy and its Implications for Partners and Allies”, speech by Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Work at the Willard Hotel, Washington DC, 28 January 2015.
42 Ibid.
43 Caverley, “United States Hegemony”, 606.
44 Ibid.
45 “National Defense Program Guidelines”, 2013, 5. http://www.mod.go.jp/j/approach/agenda/guideline/2014/pdf/20131217_e2.pdf.
46 Hughes, Japan’s Re-emergence, 90-2.
47 Dibb, “The Revolution in Military Affairs”, 103.
48 Bitzinger, “Defense Industries in Asia”, 454.
49 Basile and Isernia, “The US Rebalancing to Asia”.
50 “The EU’s Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreements – Where are We?”, European Commission Memo, 3 December 2013. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-1080_en.htm.
51 “Countries and Regions – Japan”, European Commission, 6 November 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/japan/.
52 Ibid.
53 “Annual Report 2014”, BAE Systems Annual Report 2014, http://investors.baesystems.com/~/media/Files/B/Bae-Systems-Investor-Relations-V3/Annual%20Reports/bae-annual-report-2014.pdf, 41.
54 “Airbus Defence and Space Announces Skynet 5 Satellite Move to Deliver Military Satcom Over Asia-Pacific Region”, Airbus Press Release, 16 March 2015, https://airbusdefenceandspace.com/newsroom/news-and-features/airbus-defence-and-space-announces-skynet-5-satellite-move-to-deliver-military-satcom-over-asia-pacific-region/.
55 “Malaysia”, Finmeccanica, http://www.finmeccanica.com/en/finmeccanica-nel-mondo/international-presence-2/malaysia-3?WT.ac=Malaysia
56 “Australia’s Submarine Decision: Concerns Down Under, Celebrations in Paris”, Defense News, 2 May 2016, http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2016/04/29/australia-submarine-dcns-france-hollande-turnbull-stitt-davies-germany-japan-tkms-mitsubishi/83713442/
57 “Southeast Asia: The Next Growth Opportunity in Defence”, McKinsey&Company, 2014, http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/client_service/Aerospace%20and%20Defense/PDFs/SEA%20Defense%20Report%202014%20-%20Final.ashx.
58 “Night-Vision Startup Tonbo Bags Multimillion Dollar Contracts”, The Hindu, 14 November 2015.
59 Simón, “Europe, the Rise of Asia”.
60 “The Challenges of Conflict Resolution: Jean-Yves Le Drian”, IISS, 5 June 2016, https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2016-4a4b/plenary4-6c15/drian-5b52
61 Neuman, “Defense Industries and Global Dependency”, 451.
62 Bitzinger, “Defense Industries in Asia”.