Notes on the Formation of Fjords and Fjord-Valleys

Abstract

The formation of fjords is discussed in the light of newer data, with reference both to bottom topography and to erosional features. The longitudinal profiles of the Hardangerfjord and the Sognefjord are shown to be related to areas of confluence and diffluence. The effect of subglacial fluvial erosion is shown at fjord-valley ends (Fossli), in fjord-valleys (Flåm valley) and along the Hardangerfjord. Potholes and other glacifluvial erosional forms are assumed to have been formed by subglacial meltwater under hydrostatic pressure. The erosional effect of turbidity currents on the valley sides is believed to be slight.