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Notes
1 Danny Westneat, “Some churches sued over the coronavirus shutdown. But some say more people are coming than ever,” Seattle Times, June 5, 2020, https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/some-churches-sued-over-the-coronavirus-shutdown-others-say-it-made-them-better/.
2 See Jonas Barish, “Exhibitionism and the Antitheatrical Prejudice,” English Literature History 36, no. 1 (March 1969): 1–29; and Jonas Barish, The Antitheatrical Prejudice (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981). Most recent scholarship has nuanced this somewhat, as the Puritans understanding of worship being “all of one’s life” had a connecting point between the necessity of worship (particularly prayer and preaching) being edifying and living a “purified” and upright life. Ritual actions such as kneeling were seen as either superstitious or meaningless. See Alan Rathe, Evangelicals, Worship, and Participation: Taking a Twenty-first Century Reading (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014), 214–215.
3 Rene’ Descartes, Discourse on Method and Related Writings, trans. Desmond M. Clarke (New York: Penguin, 1999), 25.
4 For introductions to this field see Lawrence Shapiro, Embodied Cognition (New York: Routledge, 2011); and Lawrence Shapiro, The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition (London: Routledge, 2014).
5 The two of us were involved in a double-blind study examining the effects of embodied versus disembodied learning in teaching spiritual practices to seminary students. It was written up in Todd E. Johnson, “A Body of Evidence,” SPIRITUS 18, no. 2 (Fall 2018): 231–45.
6 This is in addition to the explicitly racist nature of many Protestant rituals in the context of pre- and post-slavery America. See William Scott Haldeman, Towards Liturgies that Reconcile: Race and Ritual among African-American and European-American Protestants (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).
7 Diana Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 19–20.
8 Taylor, 18.
9 Dwight Conquergood, “Performance Studies: Interventions and Radical Research,” in The Performance Studies Reader, ed. Henry Bial (New York: Routledge, 2004), 370.
10 Conquergood, 372.
11 Brian Bantum, Redeeming Mulatto: A Theology of Race and Christian Hybridity (Waco: Baylor University Press, 2016), 1.
12 Bantum, 2.
13 Edward Muir, Ritual in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 126.
14 Muir.
15 Minnesota prosecutors acknowledged that the video timestamps showed the officer’s knee on Mr. Floyd’s neck for a shorter time than had been widely reported. The one-minute difference would not affect the charges filed. See https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-06-18/derek-chauvin-had-knee-george-floyd-neck-746-rather-than-846.
18 Some particular types and instances of activism have been criticized as “performative,” meaning that they are just for show. This is a different use of the terms “performative” and “performance” than that of academic and liturgical discourse. For a more detailed discussion of these terms, see Shannon Craigo-Snell, The Empty Church: Theater, Theology, and Bodily Hope (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 13–20.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Shannon Craigo-Snell
Shannon Craigo-Snell is professor of theology at Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary.
Todd E. Johnson
Todd E. Johnson, the current vice-president of The Liturgical Conference which publishes Liturgy, holds the Brehm Chair in Worship, Theology, and the Arts at Fuller Theological Seminary in California.