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Notes
1 Kath Woodward, “Questions of Identity,” in Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Nation, ed. Kath Woodward (London: The Open University, 2000), 6–7.
2 Moravian Church, Eastern West Indies Province, Caribbean Moravian Praise Liturgy Book: The Official Liturgy Book for the Moravian Churches in the Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda: Moravian Church, Eastern West Indies Province, 2017).
3 Mikie Roberts, “Towards ‘Balanced Singing’: Exploring Hymnic Sources in Compiling Caribbean Moravian Praise,” The Hymn: A Journal of Congregational Song 68, no. 2 (Spring 2017): 23–8.
4 The Moravian Church in the Caribbean context is comprised of three Provinces (1) Jamaica and the Cayman Islands, (2) Guyana, and (3) Eastern West Indies (comprised of the islands of Antigua, Barbados, Trinidad & Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, St. Kitts, and Grenada). All of these territories comprise the English speaking Caribbean and include some independent nations as well as territories that are still not politically independent.
5 The Moravian Church is liturgical in that it follows a prescribed pattern for corporate worship from beginning to end. This format is usually referred to as the “liturgy” and includes hymns, reading of scriptures, sermon, and litanies. These prepared litanies are designed to reflect the various seasons of the Christian calendar, sacraments and rites, Moravian festival days (July 6, August 13, November 23, etc.) and other occasions in which litanies have been deemed to be necessary to help capture the liturgical focus. Throughout the paper the terms will be used interchangeably at times, but the key meaning is that of a prepared format of prayers, hymns, and scripture readings all of which point to a liturgical focus and is participatory in nature.
6 Maryse Conde, “Creolite Without the Creole Language?” in Caribbean Creolization: Reflections on the Cultural Dynamics of Language, Literature, and Identity (Gainsville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1998), 102.
7 Moravian Church, British Province, The Moravian Hymn Book: Hymns authorized for use in The Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) in Great Britain and Ireland (London: Moravian Book Room, 1960).
8 Permission was granted to use two liturgies—Palm Sunday and New Year and Anniversaries—from The Moravian Book of Worship used in the Moravian Church in North America.
9 Moravian Church, British Province, 2010 edition of the Hymn Book Moravian Church (British Province) (London: Moravian Church, British Province, 2010).
10 Within the Moravian worship traditions, when the word “liturgies” is used it is generally understood to be a collection of prayers, spoken and sung responses, portions of biblical readings, and hymn verses. In other liturgical contexts, these would be referred to as “litanies.” Given this understanding, typically the worship service is constructed around the “liturgy” (litany) and so do not generally stand alone. In this paper, I use both words interchangeably.
11 Moravian Church, British Province, The Moravian Hymn Book, Preface, ii (See note 7 above).
12 To distinguish them from the other litanies with the same title, the new Lent litany was labelled as Lent B and The Lord’s Supper as The Lord’s Supper II. The former was included to expand the options for use during the forty-day liturgical season and the latter as an abbreviated form where holy communion was being administered in various contexts outside the usual Sunday morning context.
13 Caribbean Moravian Praise Liturgy Book, 187.
14 Caribbean Moravian Praise Liturgy Book, 188.
15 Caribbean Moravian Praise Liturgy Book.
16 Caribbean Moravian Praise Liturgy Book, 188–189.
17 Caribbean Moravian Praise Liturgy Book, 188.
18 The first hymn was written by Garfield Rochard; the second by Patrick Prescod. Used by permission of the Caribbean Conference of Churches © 1982. See Appendix 1 and 2.
19 A separate litany was crafted for another major Moravian festival, the Observance of Chief Elder usually commemorated on November 13 recalling the decision announced throughout the Unity on November 13, 1741 to make Jesus Christ the Chief Elder (premiere leader) of the Moravian church.
20 Caribbean Moravian Praise Liturgy Book, 195–196.
21 Caribbean Moravian Praise Liturgy Book, 19–198.
22 The first hymn was written by Neilson Waithe; the second by Elva Kitson. Used by permission of the Moravian Church, Eastern West Indies Province © 2016. The first hymn is sung to the tune Battle Hymn of the Republic and the second to Aurelia. See Appendix 3 and 4.
23 Caribbean Moravian Praise Liturgy Book, Preface IV.
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Mikie Roberts
Mikie Roberts is Programme Executive for Spiritual Life and Faith & Order at the World Council of Churches in Geneva, Switzerland.