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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 From The Mandate System, https://www.mandtsystem.com/2014/01/05/sacred-lakota-children/#:∼:text=. In the Lakota language, the “-jah” means gift.
2 R.H. Pratt, “The Advantages of Mingling Indians With Whites,” Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction (1892): 45–59, https://carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/node/8868.
3 Pratt, “Advantages of Mingling.”
4 Carlisle Indian School Project, “Past,” https://carlisleindianschoolproject.com/past/.
5 Carlisle Indian School Project, “Past.”
6 Carlisle Indian School Project, “Past.”
7 Carlisle Indian School Project, “Past.”
8 SD [South Dakota] Office of Indian Education, “Oceti Sakowin Essential Understandings and Standards,” quoted in Craig Howe, “In the Spirit of Mato Tipila: An Honoring,” https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-belonging-homelands/oceti-sakowin.
9 María Eugenia Cotera, “Standing on the Middle Ground: Ella Deloria’s Decolonizing Methodology,” in Native Speakers: Ella Deloria, Zora Neale Hurston, Jovita González, and the Poetics of Culture (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008), 41–69, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Cara_Deloria#cite_note-:4-2.
10 Ella Cara Deloria, Speaking of Indians (New York: Friendship Press, 1944; Vermillion: University of South Dakota Press, 1983), quoted in https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-belonging-kinship/oceti-sakowin.
11 Deloria, Speaking of Indians.
12 “Tiospaye,” https://ideal.accelerate-ed.com/pub/a/em/-/lo/bc9a6c72-22bb-433b-ac71-14d7be113f10/p/48fbe154-a089-4e89-8abb-866a2fc8f529.
13 Mark Scolforo, “Indigenous children’s remains turned over from Army cemetery,” Associated Press, 14 July 2021, https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-education-b665436234f50024c971cdb8fb56a2db.
14 Scolforo, “Indigenous children’s remains.”
15 Scolforo, “Indigenous children’s remains.”
16 Annie Todd, “Rosebud Sioux Tribe Repatriation: Remains of nine children returning home Friday,” Sioux Falls Argus Leader, July 16, 2021, https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/local/2021/07/15/rosebud-sioux-tribe-repatriation-children-remains-bodies-carlisle-barracks-pa-indian-school-return/7976939002/.
17 Chiefs White Thunder and Swift Bear to the “Hon. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Washington, D.C.,” letter, 27 December 1880, accessed via Brandi Morin posting on X (formerly Twitter) @Songstress28, July 14, 2021, https://twitter.com/songstress28/status/1415427612621615104.
18 Todd, “Rosebud Sioux Tribe.”
19 Todd, “Rosebud Sioux Tribe.”
20 Burials on the Rosebud do not use concrete vaults but, instead, use what is called “rough boxes.” They are named “wooden rough boxes” in this essay in order to clarify that they are the burial vault but made of wood.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Lauren R. Stanley
Lauren R. Stanley, an ordained Episcopal priest, is Canon to the Ordinary in the Episcopal Diocese of South Dakota. She has a DMin from Virginia Theological Seminary. She served for eight and a half years on the Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota as Superintending Presbyter of the Rosebud Episcopal Mission (West). She has been a priest for twenty-six years.