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Notes
1 For a detailed discussion of what Rafsanjani's political settlement was and how it worked, see Ali M. Ansari, Iran, Islam and Democracy: The Politics of Managing Change (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2006).
2 ‘Ulema’ means those who study elm, or science, which is generally now used to mean religious scholarship. The ulema are religious scholars, and function in the Islamic system essentially as a kind of clergy.
3 This amendment continues to be a source of enormous controversy. See Mohsen Kadivar, Baha'ye Azadi: defa'at Mohsen Kadivar (Tehran: Ghazal, 1378/1999–2000), pp. 149, 152.
4 See pp. 20–22 for a discussion of the usage of the terms ‘left’, ‘right’ and ‘conservative’ in Iranian politics.
5 For an account of the rise and fall of the reform movement in Iran, see Ansari, Iran, Islam and Democracy: The Politics of Managing Change.
6 See ‘Octobr-ya, fevrier, bahman! Moghayeseh enqelab iran ba rusie va faranseh’, Baztab.com, 18 Bahman 1385/7 February 2007.
7 President Mohammad Khatami, interview with CNN, as broadcast by the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, Tehran, 8 January 1998, in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, The Middle East (SWB/ME) 3210 MED/2, 9 January 1998.
8 Abdolkarim Soroush, ‘The Three Cultures’, in A. Sadri and M. Sadri (eds), Reason, Freedom and Democracy in Islam: Essential Writings of Abdolkarim Soroush (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 156–70.