Preconcentration Methods for the Analysis of Liquid Samples by X-Ray Fluorescence Techniques

Abstract

This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of multi-element and single-element preconcentration procedures prior to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of liquid samples. Many of these preconcentration methods were developed long ago and the purpose of this review is to present some new efficient variations of these methods and new techniques extending the possibilities of XRF for liquid solutions analysis. In addition, trends and future perspectives in this domain are also commented on and discussed in the last section of the review.

Keywords:

• X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF)
• metals
• preconcentration
• liquid samples

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by the Spanish National Research Programme (Project ref. CGL2007-66861-C4 and CSD 2006–00044). E. Marguí gratefully acknowledges the research contract from the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC, JAE-Doc Program contract).

Notes

^aResults are expressed in micrograms.