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Research Papers

Trends in groundwater levels in British Columbia

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Pages 15-31 | Received 07 May 2013, Accepted 12 Jan 2014, Published online: 24 Mar 2014
 

Abstract

The relations between groundwater level fluctuations and past climatic variations are explored using available data from the provincial observation well network, climate data and hydrometric data from the two major hydro-climatic zones of British Columbia. The majority of these well records start in the late 1970s or 1980s, providing only 20 to 30 years of record at most, and only a few of these wells monitor aquifers in “pristine” areas that reflect natural variability; the others have been influenced by human activity. Mean monthly groundwater levels were used to manually classify the wells into rainfall- and snowmelt-dominated seasonal cycles. Temporal trends of groundwater levels and a simple recharge measure were calculated using the non-parametric Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient over a common period from 1976–1999. This period was selected to coincide with the positive phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) so as to eliminate the potential impact a shift in the PDO might have on groundwater levels and recharge trends. Overall, late summer groundwater levels appear to have lowered across the province. Trends in recharge were more variable with both positive and negative trends. However, most of the trend results were non-significant. This assessment was complicated by the varied nature of the climate in different parts of the province, which determines the hydrologic regime (pluvial, nival, glacierized, mixed), the complexity of the groundwater system as it relates to the connection between groundwater and surface water, and the remote sources of many rivers in the mountainous regions of the province.

Abstract

Les relations entre les fluctuations des niveaux des eaux souterraine et les variations climatiques passées sont explorées à l’aide des données disponibles provenant du réseau piézométrique provincial, des données climatiques et des données hydrométriques des deux principales zones hydroclimatiques de la Colombie-Britannique. Ces registres de puits ont été lancés pour la plupart vers la fin des années 1970 ou dans les années 1980, ce qui nous donne seulement entre 20 et 30 années d’enregistrements tout au plus, et seuls quelques-uns de ces puits permettent de surveiller les aquifères dans des zones « vierges » qui reflètent la variabilité naturelle; les autres ayant subi l’influence de l’activité humaine. Les niveaux mensuels moyens des eaux souterraines ont été utilisés pour classer manuellement les puits en cycles saisonniers dominés par les précipitations et la fonte des neiges. Les tendances temporelles des niveaux des eaux souterraines et une simple mesure de l’alimentation en eau souterraine ont été calculées à l’aide du coefficient de corrélation de rang de Spearman non paramétrique sur une période commune allant de 1976 à 1999. Cette période a été sélectionnée afin qu’elle coïncide avec la phase positive de l’oscillation décennale du Pacifique (ODP) de façon à éliminer l’incidence éventuelle qu’un changement dans l’ODP pourrait avoir sur les niveaux des eaux souterraines et sur les tendances en matière d’alimentation. Dans l’ensemble, les niveaux des eaux souterraines vers la fin de l’été semblent avoir diminué partout dans la province. Les tendances en matière d’alimentation de la nappe souterraine étaient plus variables, celles-ci pouvant être tant positives que négatives. Cependant, la plupart des résultats liés aux tendances étaient non significatifs. Cette évaluation a été compliquée par des facteurs comme la nature variée du climat dans différentes parties de la province, lequel détermine le régime hydrologique (pluvial, nival, englacé, mixte), la complexité du système aquifère en ce qu’il se rapporte à la relation entre les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface, et les sources éloignées de nombreuses rivières dans les régions montagneuses de la province.

Acknowledgements

Financial support from the Government of Canada’s Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Program via Grant A875 is gratefully acknowledged. The British Columbia Ministry of Environment (BC MoE) provided the funding for digitizing the water level records described here. Vanessa Sadler and Mandy Mo digitized the hundreds of monthly charts involved. Carl Lee and Mike Wei from BC MoE were helpful with dealing with and advising on a wide range of technical issues and problems associated with paper records of water levels. Terrance Dong performed quality assurance of the digitized record and critical reconstructions. Bill Hodge (formerly BC MoE) performed critical reviews of problematic records, and his experience and advice were crucial in eliminating records unsuitable for analysis. Mike Toews and Alex Cannon developed code in R to create the climate and hydrograph plots, and Alex Cannon assisted greatly with overcoming technical difficulties in R. Throughout our work, the continued personal interest of Jenny Fraser from the Climate Change section of BC MoE has been appreciated. The authors also thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments for improving this paper. The authors wish to thank André St-Hilaire for assuming the editorial duties for this paper.

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