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Articles

A three-dimensional groundwater flow model of the Waterloo Moraine for water resource management

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Pages 167-180 | Received 12 Jan 2014, Accepted 09 Feb 2014, Published online: 10 Jul 2014
 

Abstract

The Waterloo Moraine has been a drinking water source for the people of Waterloo Region for over a century and, as such, it has been the subject of numerous geologic and hydrogeologic studies for over five decades. Two of the companion papers in this Special Issue describe the evolution of the hydrogeological conceptualization of the Moraine sediments and the history of groundwater modelling of the Moraine groundwater flow system, respectively. This paper builds on those findings and describes the development and calibration of a three-dimensional finite-element groundwater flow model. A key aspect in the development was the implementation of a spatial geodatabase that links the conceptual hydrogeological framework with the numerical groundwater flow model. The model was based on a detailed characterization of the groundwater and surface water systems, and calibrated to available data under average (steady-state) and variable (transient) pumping and climate conditions. Following model development and calibration, the model was used to conduct a detailed water budget and risk assessment study that compared groundwater demands to available supplies within the Central Grand River Watershed, a subwatershed of the main Grand River Watershed. Several scenarios involving future municipal water demands and potential reductions in groundwater recharge due to planned land-use development were simulated, leading to the conclusion that the projected municipal water demand to 2031 can be supplied by the existing system of wells without causing a significant reduction in groundwater discharge to ecologically sensitive streams and wetlands. The model was also applied to delineate the capture zone for a well field in the Region under conditions of uncertainty, demonstrating a methodology that could be applied to other well fields. The model provides an effective and efficient tool for Regional water managers for the long-term sustainable management of the groundwater resources of the Waterloo Moraine.

La moraine de Waterloo constitue une source d’eau potable pour la population de la région de Waterloo depuis plus d’un siècle, et elle a donc fait l’objet de nombreuses études géologiques et hydrogéologiques. Deux des articles de ce numéro spécial décrivent d’une part l’évolution de la conceptualisation hydrogéologique des sédiments de la moraine, et d’autre part l’histoire de la modélisation du système d’écoulement des eaux souterraines de la moraine. Basé sur ces résultats, le présent article décrit le développement et le calage d’un modèle tridimensionnel d’écoulement des eaux souterraines par la méthode des éléments finis. Un aspect clé de ce travail de développement a été la mise en place d’une base de données géospatiales qui établit le lien entre le cadre hydrogéologique conceptuel et le modèle numérique d’écoulement. Ce modèle a été basé sur la caractérisation détaillée des systèmes d’écoulement de l’eau souterraine et de surface, et il a été calé à partir des données disponibles dans des conditions climatiques et de pompage moyennes (stables) et variables (transitoires). Une fois le développement et le calage du modèle terminés, celui-ci a été utilisé pour une étude détaillée d’évaluation du risque et du bilan hydrique qui compare la demande en eau souterraine à l’approvisionnement disponible dans le bassin versant central de la rivière Grand, un sous-bassin du bassin versant principal de la rivière Grand. Plusieurs scénarios ont été simulés portant sur la demande future d’eau par les municipalités et de réduction potentielle de la recharge des eaux souterraines en raison notamment d’une plus grande utilisation des terres, ce qui permet de conclure que la demande d’eau municipale prévue jusqu’en 2031 peut être assurée par le réseau de puits existant, sans entraîner de réduction importante de la décharge de l’eau souterraine vers les zones humides et les cours d’eau écologiquement sensibles. Le modèle a été utilisé afin de délimiter la zone de captage du champ de puits dans la région, dans des conditions d’incertitude, ce qui démontre que la méthode serait applicable à d’autres champs de puits. Le modèle constitue, pour les gestionnaires des ressources hydriques de la région, un outil efficace et fonctionnel pour la gestion durable et à long terme des ressources en eau souterraine de la moraine de Waterloo.

Acknowledgements

Financial support was provided by the Groundwater Geoscience Program, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada. The authors thank the Ontario Geological Survey for permission to re-use published material. The authors would also like to thank Gaelen Merritt, Laura Weaver and Doug Anderson of Matrix Solutions Inc. for their roles in helping refine, calibrate and apply the groundwater flow model. Our thanks are also extended to Sam Bellamy (Matrix Solutions Inc.) for his work in the GAWSER hydrologic model calibration and discussion of the recharge distribution. Many thanks are extended to Eric Hodgins and Richard Wootton at the Region of Waterloo for their technical input during the Tier Three Water Budget Assessment. Drs. Emil Frind, John Molson, Ken Howard and Alfonso Rivera are gratefully acknowledged for their comments on earlier manuscripts, which greatly clarified and strengthened the final product. The authors also wish to acknowledge the many individuals at Stantec Consulting Ltd., Golder Associates Ltd. and Blackport Hydrogeology Inc. for cross-section interpretations and hydrogeologic analysis used in developing the numerical model. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Ontario Ministry of the Environment are acknowledged for funding the model refinement and calibration tasks undertaken as part of the Region of Waterloo Tier Three Water Budget and Local Area Risk Assessment study.

Disclaimer

The well field capture zones and wellhead protection areas shown in this paper are for illustrative purposes only and do not represent the official source protection areas of the Region. For official designations, please refer to the relevant documentation of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo.

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