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Articles

Threats to groundwater resources in urbanizing watersheds: The Waterloo Moraine and beyond

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Pages 193-208 | Received 02 Jan 2014, Accepted 09 Feb 2014, Published online: 25 Jun 2014
 

Abstract

Urbanization poses a variety of threats to groundwater resources, potentially impacting both the quantity and the quality of water extracted from wells. Agricultural areas also face their own unique types of threats. Threats can depend on scale, and can take on chronic as well as acute forms. The current framework for threat and impact assessment is reviewed with a focus on the Waterloo Moraine, an important water source for the Region of Waterloo, and suggestions are offered for improvement. These include more effective ways of delineating well capture zones with consideration of uncertainty, and the application of the well vulnerability concept, which provides information on the actual impact of a threat and the time frame of the impact, and the consideration of dynamic phenomena that are particularly critical in the case of acute threats. These issues are seen as part of a comprehensive future framework of science-based groundwater governance for Canada. Along with effective threat assessment, the mitigation of impact in urban and agricultural areas is also essential in the sustainable management of groundwater resources.

L’urbanisation présente diverses menaces pour les ressources en eau souterraine et pourrait avoir des effets sur la quantité et la qualité de l’eau extraite des puits. Les régions agricoles sont également confrontées à des menaces qui leur sont propres. Ces menaces peuvent dépendre de l’échelle considérée, et également se présenter sous forme chronique et aiguë. Dans cet article, nous examinons le cadre actuel d’évaluation des menaces et des impacts en mettant l’accent sur la moraine de Waterloo, une importante source d’eau pour la région de Waterloo, et nous présentons des suggestions afin d’améliorer la situation. Il s’agit de délimiter de façon plus efficace les zones de captage des puits en tenant compte de d’incertitude, et d’appliquer le concept de vulnérabilité, qui fournit de l’information au sujet de l’impact potentiel d’une menace, et enfin de prendre en compte la dynamique d’écoulement qui est d’une importance particulièrement cruciale dans le cas des menaces aiguës. Ces points sont perçus comme faisant partie d’un nouveau cadre exhaustif de gouvernance des eaux souterraines basée sur des données scientifiques pour le Canada. En plus de l’évaluation efficace des menaces, l’atténuation d’impact dans les régions urbaines et agricoles est également essentielle à la gestion durable des ressources en eau souterraine.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Groundwater Geoscience Program, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada. The authors thank the National Ground Water Association and Elsevier Publishers for permission to re-use published material. We thank the reviewers and the Editor for constructive comments that helped to improve the paper. Thanks are also due to Tracy Barry and Michael Frind for help with the graphics.

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