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Articles

Three-dimensional hydrostratigraphical modelling of the regional aquifer system of the St. Maurice Delta Complex (St. Lawrence Lowlands, Canada)

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Pages 92-112 | Received 14 Oct 2016, Accepted 03 Apr 2017, Published online: 21 Nov 2017
 

Abstract

In the central part of the St. Lawrence Lowlands (Mauricie, Québec), Late Quaternary deglacial events led to the formation of a series of complex granular aquifers, such as those in the (1) Saint-Narcisse morainic complex, (2) paleodelta formed by the Saint-Maurice River, and (3) sandy littoral terraces left during marine regression. The aquifers are an important supply of potable water for most municipalities in the region, including the City of Trois-Rivières, which is a mid-size city where groundwater accounts for 46% of the water supply. The main objectives of this study were to build a three-dimensional (3D) model of the Quaternary deposits to define the main hydrogeological contexts of the Mauricie region and to characterize the regional aquifers. The compilation of existing hydrogeological data led to the selection of 5386 well logs that contained stratigraphic information of variable quality, ranging from only surficial sediment thickness to descriptions of fully cored boreholes. To supplement the existing data, fieldwork was undertaken in areas where few data were available, including 63 km of high-resolution seismic reflection surveys and 34 new boreholes. The final 3D model consists of six layers, from the bedrock surface to the upper littoral and deltaic sands. The total thickness of the deposits ranges from zero, on bedrock outcrops, to 150 m beneath central Trois-Rivières. Taking into account the thickness of the saturated layer and the porosity of the sand and gravel, the upper unconfined aquifer contains an estimated 364 million m3 of water. The 3D model helped refine the understanding of regional aquifers and was used to identify unexploited aquifers, notably around the Saint-Narcisse morainic complex and along the St. Cuthbert Fault. The model clarified the regional stratigraphic architecture, especially topography of the bedrock surface, the lateral extent of Late Quaternary sands and development of Holocene post-glacial sediment sequences.

Dans la partie centrale des Basses-Terres du Saint-Laurent (Mauricie, Québec), la dernière déglaciation a mené à la formation d’aquifères granulaires complexes, tels que ceux associés à la moraine de Saint-Narcisse, au paléodelta de la rivière Saint-Maurice et aux terrasses littorales associées à la régression marine. Ces aquifères représentent la source principale d’eau potable pour la majorité des municipalités de la région, incluant Trois-Rivières, une ville de taille moyenne où les eaux souterraines contribuent à 46% de l’approvisionnement. L’objectif de cette étude était de développer un model 3D des dépôts quaternaires afin de définir les principaux contextes hydrogéologiques et de caractériser les aquifères régionaux de la Mauricie. Le recensement des données hydrogéologiques existantes a permis de compiler les résultats de 5386 puits et forages contenant des informations stratigraphiques de qualité variable. Les données existantes ont été complétées par de nouveaux relevés, incluant 63 km de sismique réflexion haute résolution et 34 forages. Le model 3D final est constitué de sept couches, de la surface du rock aux sables littoraux et deltaïques superficiels. L’épaisseur total des sédiments quaternaires varie de nulle sur les affleurements rocheux à 150 m à l’ouest de la ville de Trois-Rivières. Le volume total des sables superficiels, dans les limites de la ville de Trois-Rivières, a été estimé à 4.7 milliards de m3. En tenant compte de l’épaisseur de la zone saturée et de la porosité moyenne du sable, la nappe libre contiendrait un volume de 364 millions de m3 d’eau. Le model tridimensionnel a permis d’approfondir la connaissance des aquifères régionaux et d’identifier des aquifères non exploités, notamment en marge de la moraine de Saint-Narcisse et le long de la faille de St-Cuthbert. Le model a également permis de préciser l’architecture des dépôts et la stratigraphie régionale, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la topographie de la surface du rock, l’extension latérale des dépôts pléistocènes et la séquence des sédiments postglaciaires.

Acknowledgements

This work is part of the Groundwater Knowledge Acquisition Program (PACES) of the Quebec Ministry of the Environment (MDDELCC). It was conducted in collaboration with a regional council of elected officials (CRÉ Mauricie), regional municipalities (MRC Maskinongé), the city of Trois-Rivières, the Geological Survey of Canada and watershed agencies. The authors would like to acknowledge the Minivibe seismic profiling carried by André Pugin and Susan Pullan of the Geological Survey of Canada. We would also like to thank the municipal officials, the local residents and the following persons for their collaboration: Myrabelle Chicoine, Isabelle Lessard, Alain Rouleau, Ali Assani, Pierre-André Bordeleau, Francis Clément, Précillia Descoteaux, Sophie Côté, Éric Dubois, Brian Bélisle, Philippe Davignon, Fannie Fortier-Fradette, Lise Lamarche, Harold Vigneault, Marc-André Carrier, Miroslav Nastev, Claude Hébert, François Hardy, René Lefebvre, Jean-Marc Ballard and Xavier Mallet.

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