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Articles

Using colour, shape and radionuclide fingerprints to identify sources of sediment in an agricultural watershed in Atlantic Canada

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Pages 347-365 | Received 20 Jun 2017, Accepted 09 Mar 2018, Published online: 13 Jun 2018
 

Abstract

Information on the sources of sediment is required both for the targeting, development and implementation of best management practices (BMPs) in agricultural regions and for understanding the nature of sediment dynamics within watersheds. Investigations have shown that a number of physical and biogeochemical sediment properties can be used as fingerprints to trace sediment back to its source. Three groups of fingerprints – spectral reflectance (colour), particle morphology (size and shape), and fallout radionuclides (137Cs) – were used to fingerprint the sources of sediment in a predominantly agricultural watershed (14.5 km2) in Atlantic Canada over a 7-year period. Both spectral reflectance and fallout radionuclides were successful in discriminating between sources of sediment identified within the watershed. In contrast, fingerprints based on particle morphology were not able to discriminate between any of the sources of sediment. A composite fingerprint including both spectral reflectance and radionuclide fingerprints was used to estimate the relative contributions from agricultural topsoil (i.e. rill and inter-rill erosion), agricultural subsurface (i.e. streambank and gully erosion) and forested areas. Sediment fingerprinting indicated that topsoil derived from agricultural land was the greatest contributor (77.2%; 95% credible interval (CI95%) [35.5, 92.5]) to suspended sediment collected at the outlet of the watershed. Streambanks and gullies within agricultural areas were also identified as important sources of sediment (17.4%; CI95% [3.1, 46.9]), while forested land was a minor source of sediment in the watershed (3.2%; CI95% [0.2, 18.9]). The fingerprinting results demonstrate that BMPs that target soil erosion in agricultural fields will result in the greatest reduction in the export of sediment from the watershed. This study also established that adjusting the spatial scale at which suspended sediment samples are collected would provide more detailed information on the location of the sources of sediment (i.e. identify sources at the sub-watershed level) and lead to better targeting of BMPs.

Des informations sur les sources des sédiments sont nécessaires pour cibler, le développer et mettre en œuvre de meilleures pratiques de gestion (MPG) dans les régions agricoles et pour comprendre la dynamique des sédiments dans les bassins versants. Des enquêtes ont montré qu'un certain nombre de propriétés physiques et biogéochimiques des sédiments peuvent être utilisées comme empreintes pour retracer la source des sédiments. Trois groupes d’empreintes ont été utilisées, y compris la réflexion spectrale (couleur), la morphologie des particules (taille et forme) et les radionucléides (137Cs) ont été utilisés dans un bassin versant à prédominance agricole (14,5 km2) du Canada atlantique sur une période de sept ans. La réflexion spectrale et les radionucléides ont permis de déterminer les sources de sédiments identifiés dans le bassin hydrographique. En revanche, les empreintes basées sur la morphologie des particules n’ont pas pu discriminer les sources de sédiments. Une empreinte composite incluant à la fois la réflexion spectrale et les empreintes basés sur les radionucléides a été utilisée pour estimer les apports relatifs de la couche superficielle de sol agricole (i.e. érosion "rill" et "interill"), de la couche de sub-surface agricole (i.e. érosion de berge et ravinement) et des zones boisées. Les empreintes des sédiments indiquent que couche arable a été le plus grand contributeur (77,2%) de sédiments en suspension collectés à la sortie du bassin versant. Les berges et les ravins dans les zones agricoles ont également été identifiés comme une source importante de sédiments (17,4%), tandis que les terres boisées ont été une source mineure de sédiments dans le bassin versant (3,2%). Cette étude a également reconnu que l'échelle spatiale à laquelle les échantillons de sédiments en suspension sont collectés doit être intégrée aux données de charge de sédiments pour évaluer adéquatement les MPG.

Acknowledgements

Assistance with laboratory analyses and fieldwork was provided by Rick Allaby, Fangzhou Zheng, Zisheng Xing, Junyu Qi, Lionel Stevens, Sylvie Lavoie, John Monteith, Meagan Betts, Tegan Smith, Eva Slavicek and Brendon Brooks. Assistance with the translation of the abstract was provide by Mathieu Roy.

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