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Research Articles

Natural controls on phosphorus concentrations in small Lakes in Central Alberta, Canada

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 1-17 | Received 19 Aug 2021, Accepted 26 Jul 2022, Published online: 17 Aug 2022
 

abstract

Small lakes can act as environmental sensors for understanding regional hydrogeological conditions and elemental cycles. Because of their small size, they react quickly to changes in nutrient runoff, groundwater exchange and climate. In the post-glacial landscape of Alberta, the Carvel Pitted Delta harbours a variety of small lakes, which, despite being close together, can have markedly different chemistries and nutrient characteristics. Here, we focused on nine lakes with surface areas <10 ha and maximal depths ranging from 5 to 18 m. We hypothesised that differences in their trophic states are caused by variations in Ca concentrations, controlled by groundwater inputs. All lakes tended toward permanent stratification due to small mixing depths (1.6–2.4 m). The deeper lakes were oligotrophic with high concentrations of Ca and a high fraction of phosphorus (Ca-bound P) in the sediments (HCl extractable fraction). A correlation was found between Ca-bound P and aqueous Ca concentrations at 0.5 m depth, suggesting that P stability could be estimated based on surface water chemistry. Calcium was shown to be concentrated in groundwater located above the bedrock, suggesting that groundwater inputs controlled Ca concentrations in the lakes. We conclude that the hydrogeological conditions and Ca inputs act as natural regulators for P availability and, by extension, water quality in these lakes.

RÉSUMÉ

Les petits lacs peuvent servir comme des capteurs environnementaux pour comprendre les conditions hydrogéologiques régionales et les cycles élémentaires. En raison de leur petite dimension, ils réagissent rapidement aux changements de ruissellement de nutriments, d'échange d'eau souterraine et de climat. Dans le paysage postglaciaire de l'Alberta, le Carvel Pitted Delta abrite une variété de petits lacs qui, malgré leur proximité, peuvent avoir des chimies et des budgets nutritifs très différents. Ici, nous nous sommes concentrés sur neuf lacs avec des superficies < 10 ha et des profondeurs maximales de 5–18 m. Nous avons fait l'hypothèse que les différences dans leurs états trophiques sont le résultat des variations de concentrations de Ca contrôlées par les apports d'eau souterraine. Tous les lacs tendaient vers une stratification permanente en raison des faibles profondeurs de mélange (1.6–2.4 m). Les lacs plus profonds étaient oligotrophes avec des concentrations élevées de Ca et une fraction élevée de P lié au Ca dans les sédiments (fraction extractible HCl). Une corrélation a été trouvée entre les concentrations de P lié au Ca et de Ca aqueux à une profondeur de 0,5 m, une indication que la stabilité du P pourrait être estimée sur la base de la chimie des eaux de surface. Il a été démontré que le calcium était concentré dans les eaux souterraines situées au-dessus du substrat rocheux, ce qui suggère que les apports d'eau souterraine contrôlaient les concentrations de Ca dans les lacs. Nous concluons que les conditions hydrogéologiques et les apports de Ca agissent comme des régulateurs naturels de la disponibilité du P et par extension de la qualité de l'eau dans ces lacs.

Acknowledgements

Alberta Lake Management Society and Alberta Environment and Parks provided water sampling and field probes and Alberta Geological Survey provided the RAD7 detectorAlec MacDonald supported this work by providing the boat for sampling assisting during field work. We thank all the landowners for providing access to the lakes located on private ground. We thank the two anonymous reviewers, who helped to improve the original manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential competing interest was reported by the authors.

Data availability statement

All data discussed in this work is provided in the figures and tables and the supplementary information.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery grant to DSA (RGPIN-2020-05289).

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