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Review Article

Clubroot in the Canadian canola crop: 10 years into the outbreak

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Pages 27-36 | Accepted 05 Nov 2013, Published online: 06 Mar 2014
 

Abstract

Clubroot, caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae, is an important soilborne disease of the Brassicaceae. In Canada, clubroot has long been a problem in cruciferous vegetables, but was not reported on the Prairie canola (Brassica napus) crop until 2003, when 12 clubroot-infested fields were identified in central Alberta. Continued surveillance has shown that the disease is spreading, and at least 1064 fields in the province had confirmed clubroot infestations as of 2012. While the outbreak is still mainly confined to central Alberta, isolated clubroot infestations and the presence of viable P. brassicae inoculum have been confirmed in southern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Dissemination of the parasite appears to be predominantly through the movement of infested soil on farm and other machinery, although secondary mechanisms of spread, such as by wind and water erosion and soil contamination of seeds, also have been implicated. Numerous strains of P. brassicae occur in Canada, but pathotype 3 or 16/15/12, as classified on the differentials of Williams or the European Clubroot Differential series, predominates on canola. Given the significant economic value of Canadian canola, the emergence of clubroot on this crop has caused major concern and led to the initiation of a large, coordinated research effort aimed at understanding and managing this disease. This review summarizes the extent and nature of the clubroot outbreak in the Canadian canola crop, 10 years after it began, and provides a context for ongoing research and management efforts.

Résumé

La hernie, causée par le parasite obligatoire Plasmodiophora brassicae, est une importante maladie terricole des brassicacées. Au Canada, la hernie est depuis longtemps considérée comme un problème chez les légumes de la famille des crucifères, mais elle n’avait pas été rapportée sur le canola (Brassica napus) des Prairies canadiennes avant 2003 alors que la maladie a été détectée dans 12 champs du centre de l’Alberta. Une surveillance continue a indiqué qu’elle se répand et, en 2012, l’infestation avait été confirmée dans au moins 1 064 champs de la province. Bien que l’éclosion soit principalement confinée dans le centre de l’Alberta, des infestations isolées de hernie et l’existence d’inoculums viables de P. brassicae ont été confirmées dans le sud de l’Alberta, en Saskatchewan et au Manitoba. La dissémination du parasite semble provenir principalement du transport du sol infesté qui adhère aux équipements et à la machinerie agricole, bien que des mécanismes secondaires de dispersion, comme l’érosion éolienne ou hydrique et la contamination du sol par les semences, en soient également responsables. On trouve au Canada de nombreuses souches de P. brassicae, mais le pathotype 3 ou 16/15/12, selon sa classification (séries différentielles de Williams ou séries différentielles européennes de la hernie), prévaut chez le canola. Étant donnée l’importante valeur économique du canola canadien, l’émergence de la hernie dans cette culture a sérieusement inquiété l’industrie et a engendré un large effort de recherche concerté visant à comprendre et à gérer cette maladie. Cette revue présente un résumé de l’ampleur et de la nature de l’éclosion de la hernie dans les cultures de canola au Canada, 10 ans après son apparition, et fournit un cadre relatif aux recherches en cours et aux efforts de gestion.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Canola Council of Canada through the Clubroot Risk Mitigation Initiative. We also acknowledge the support received from the Alberta Crop Industry Development Fund, the Alberta Canola Producers Commission, SaskCanola, the Manitoba Canola Growers Association, and the Canadian Seed Growers’ Association. The funding provided by these various organizations enabled much of the work discussed in this review to be conducted.

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