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Disease Reports and Disease Diagnostics / Rapports des Maladies

Identification of fungal pathogens causing fruit tree dieback in British Columbia

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Pages 89-105 | Accepted 17 Nov 2023, Published online: 18 Dec 2023
 

Abstract

Field surveys were conducted in British Columbia fruit tree growing regions to determine the incidence of dieback and to identify the main fungal species causing cankers. Fruit trees showing cankers and dieback symptoms were recorded from 94% of orchards and 5.5% of trees surveyed. Overall, higher dieback incidence was observed in cherry than apple with 33% of cherry blocks showing between 5% and 26% of trees affected. Morphological studies along with DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) including the 5.8S rDNA, and parts of the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1), beta-tubulin (TUB2), and actin (ACT1) genes, identified seven fungi for the first time in fruit trees in Canada, including Calosphaeria pulchella, Cytospora parasitica, Cytospora populicola, Cytospora sorbicola, Ilyonectria robusta, Nectria dematiosa, and Phaeoacremonium minimum. In addition, this study reports for the first time Diplodia mutila and Diplodia seriata from cankers in sweet cherry in Canada. The already known fungal pathogens Neofabraea perennans and Neonectria ditissima were also identified. Pathogenicity studies showed N. ditissima and C. sorbicola to cause the largest vascular lesions in apple and cherry, respectively. This study identified the main fungal pathogens causing tree fruit cankers and dieback in British Columbia providing important information for the development of effective control strategies.

Résumé

Des études sur le terrain ont été menées dans les régions productrices de fruits de la Colombie-Britannique afin de déterminer l’incidence du dépérissement terminal chez les arbres et d’identifier les principales espèces fongiques qui causent les chancres. Les arbres fruitiers affichant des chancres et des symptômes du dépérissement ont été rapportés dans 94% des vergers et chez 5,5% des arbres étudiés. En général, une incidence plus élevée du dépérissement a été observée chez les cerisiers que chez les pommiers avec 33% des blocs de cerisiers affichant de 5% à 26% d’arbres touchés. Des études morphologiques conduites de concert avec le séquençage de l’espaceur transcrit interne (ITS) de l’ADN, y compris le segment 5,8 de l’ADNr et des parties de gènes codant pour le facteur d’élongation de la traduction 1-α (TEF1), la bêta-tubuline (TUB2) et l’actine (ACT1), ont permis d’identifier, pour la première fois au Canada, sept champignons dans les arbres fruitiers, y compris Calosphaeria pulchella, Cytospora parasitica, Cytospora populicola, Cytospora sorbicola, Ilyonectria robusta, Nectria dematiosa et Phaeoacremonium minimum. En outre, cette étude rapporte pour la première fois au Canada l’occurrence de Diplodia mutila et de Diplodia seriata dans les chancres trouvés sur les cerisiers des oiseaux. Les agents pathogènes fongiques déjà connus Neofabraea perennans et Neonectria ditissima ont également été identifiés. Des études de pathogénicité ont montré que N. ditissima et C. sorbicola causent les plus grandes lésions vasculaires chez les pommiers et les cerisiers, respectivement. Cette étude a permis d’identifier les principaux agents pathogènes fongiques qui causent les chancres et le dépérissement terminal chez les arbres fruitiers en Colombie-Britannique, fournissant ainsi de l’information substantielle, nécessaire à l’élaboration de stratégies de lutte efficaces.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported with funding from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada’s Agri-Innovation Program (AIP) along with the British Columbia Fruit Growers’ Association, the BC Cherry Growers Association, and Summerland Varieties Corporation. Authors thank all growers that participated in this study and granted us access to their fruit tree orchards.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; British Columbia Cherry Growers Association; British Columbia Fruit Growers’ Association; Summerland Varieties Corporation.

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