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Abstract
This research paper aims to rectify a deep-rooted notion of the role of Nguyen Van Thieu and his diplomatic delegate at the Paris Conference in the key year of the Vietnam War, 1972. This year was a time that was arduous for the Republic of Vietnam (RVN). Sino-American détente featured a volta-face of the foreign policy of capitalist countries, leading to a plummet in support for the RVN. Alongside, Hanoi unrelentingly organised several military attacks along the provisional demarcation line and major controlled Corps of the ARVN with the hope of vocalising its benefits at Paris sessions. While grappling with domestic fatigue, the RVN confronted the coercion of Hanoi to transplant a coalition government into the elected government of Thieu. Although frowning on this point, South Vietnamese diplomats strived to redress the misconception of democracy and earn international support to perform its legitimacy in international relations. While seeking to stand at an independent position rather than a diplomatic intervention of the US, the RVN was determined to let diplomacy go hand in hand with domestic resistance to elevate its role in Paris Conference and voice over international relations. This paper unveils a vast number of declassified documents of Independence Palace housed at National Archives Centre II in Ho Chi Minh City along with desk research materials and employs a chronological approach of historical studies to posit that the RVN was an active entity to fulfil its responsibility in Paris and retain previous close diplomatic relations with its major alliance and patch up new friends or deepen established ties. Simultaneously, Thieu reinforced his relations with non-communist states in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and military organisations in the Asia Pacific Ocean and enthusiastically joined an international forum to bolster his political power in the war. It is indicated that the RVN had a direct target to take advantage of diplomatic power for disentangling its problems since the Hanoi-Washington peace talks gradually gained a cease-fire.
Acknowledgements
This paper was delivered to listeners at the ‘1972: The War Between North and South Vietnam’ Conference organised by the War and Society Program of Chapman University affiliated with The Vietnam Centre & Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive and the Institute for Peace & Conflict at Texas Tech University, Orange County, C.A., in April 2022. Like many authors, I owe a deep gratitude to several people who greatly assisted me throughout the research and writing this paper. First, I wish to thank Dr. Steve Maxner, who was a leading organiser of the conference, facilitating me in delivering a preliminary presentation of this paper to experts and scholars there. Then, I am further indebted to the staff of the Reading Room at National Archives Centre II for helping me glean archival documents effectively, they are Mrs. Quyen Do Thi, Mrs. Thuy Linh Nguyen, and Mrs. Binh Dang Thi. Besides, I would like to say thank you to Dr. George Jay Veith for his excellent academic feedback and support during the conference. It would be my shortcoming if I did not engrave the professional advice of Professor Tuan Hoang of the University of Pepperdine and Assistant Professor Diu Huong Nguyen of the University of California, Irvine. Those suggestions are valuable to my academic career to engage with Vietnamese studies. Also, I am grateful for the constructive feedback of two anonymous reviewers, the decision of the Editor-In-Chief and Taylor and Francis Publishing Team for my publication. All views and any mistakes are entirely my own.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes
1 ‘Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960’, The Pentagon Papers, 1971, 242–314. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 30 Sep. 2019, also see at Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguine Books, 1997), 229.
2 ‘A Foreign Policy of Independence and Peace’, Vietnam Bulletin 11, no. 1 (1974), 4–5.
3 Nicholson John Robert, ‘Negotiating the 1973 Paris Peace Accords: A Case Study in Conflict Termination’ (Dissertations, University of Windsor, 1994), 67.
4 William Kaye, ‘A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam’, The China Quarterly, no. 9 (Jan.–Mar. 1962), 82–93.
5 ‘CIA: Intelligence Warning of the Tet Offensive in South Vietnam: An Interim Study’, 8 April 1968, Available at: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000097712.pdf.
6 James H. Willbanks, Abandoning Vietnam, How America left and South Vietnam lost its war (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008), 34–37.
7 Fulgham, David, Terrence Maitland, et al., South Vietnam on Trial: Mid-1970 to 1972 (Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1984); William K. Nolan, Into Laos: The Story of Dewey Canyon II/Lam Son 719 (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1986); William K. Nolan, Into Laos: The Story of Dewey Canyon II/Lam Son 719 (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1986).
8 Luu Van Loi and Nguyen Anh Vu, Cuoc thuong luong Le Duc Tho - Kissinger tai Paris (Hanoi: People Police Publisher, 2001), 198.
9 Walter Scott Dillard, Sixty Days to Peace: Implementing the Paris Peace Accords (Washington, DC: National Defense University Fort Lesley J. McNair, 1982), 8.
10 Douglas E. Schoen, The Nixon Effect: How Richard Nixon s Presidency Fundamentally Changed American Politics (New York: Encounter Books, 2016).
11 Lien Hang Nguyen, Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2012).
12 Pierre Asselin, A Bitter Peace: Washington, Hanoi, and the Making of the Paris Agreement (The University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
13 Richard A. Moss, Nixon's Back Channel to Moscow: Confidential Diplomacy and Détente (Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2017).
14 Sean Fear, ‘Saigon Goes Global: South Vietnam’s Quest for International Legitimacy in the Age of Détente’, Diplomatic History 42, no. 3 (2018), 428–55.
15 Ang Cheng Guan, Southeast Asia’s Cold War: An Interpretive History (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2018), 129–59.
16 Sue Thomson, ‘The Nixon Doctrine and U.S. Policy on Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia after the Second World War’, Journal of Cold War Studies 23, no. 1 (2021), 126.
17 Richard Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), 395.
18 John Schlight, The war in South Vietnam, The Year of the Offensive 1965–1968 (Air Force History and Museums Program, 1999); Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguine Books, 1997), 412–13; Lyndon B. Johnson, ‘Address to the Nation Announcing Steps to Limit the War in Vietnam and Reporting His Decision Not to Seek Reelection 31 Mar. 1968’, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968–1969 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1970); J. J. Kubiak, ‘Vietnam War 1965–1968’ in War Narratives and the American National Will in War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); Tran Van Giau, Mien Nam giu vung thanh dong: luoc su dong bao mien Nam dau tranh chong My va tay sai, Vol. 5: Tu tong tien cong va noi day dong loat Tet Mau Than 1968 den nhung buoc dau cua chien dich (Hanoi: Khoa Hoc Publishing House, 1978); Ho Khang, Tet Mau Than 1968- buoc ngoat lon cua cuoc khang chien chong My cuu nuoc (Hanoi: Chinh tri Quoc gia Publishing House, 2008).
19 Joan Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1994), 182; Charles S. Kennedy (28 April 1998). ‘Nixon Goes to China’. The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training: Foreign Affairs Oral History Project. Retrieved on 21 February 2013, Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon, the Triumph of a Politician 1962–1972 (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 439. Richard Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Vol. 2 (New York: Warner Books, 1978), 29.
20 Mo Kiet, Bay cuoc dam phan sieu cap (Hanoi: Van Hoa Thong Tin Publisher, 2012), 456.
21 Patrick Tyler, Mot thien lich su sau doi tong thong (Hanoi: People Police Publisher, 2008), 117.
22 Evelyn Goh, ‘Nixon, Kissinger, and the “Soviet card” in the US opening to China, 1971–1974’, Diplomatic History 29, no. 3 (2005), 475–502; Evelyn Goh, Constructing the US Rapprochement with China, 1961–1974: From 'Red Menace' to 'Tacit Ally' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
23 Trieu Huy Ha, ‘A Solution for the End of the Vietnam War and An Quang peace movements in South Vietnam (1969–1972)’, Asociación de Historia Actual 58, no. 2 (2022), 77–94.
24 Le Cung, Ve phong trao do thi mien Nam trong khang chien chong My (1954–1975) (Ho Chi Minh City: Tong Hop Publisher, 2015), 70–71.
25 Ibid., 343.
26 Ibid., 352.
27 Luu Van Loi and Nguyen Anh Vu, Cac cuoc thuong luong giua Le Duc Tho va Kissinger tai Paris (Hanoi: People Police Publisher, 2001).
28 Tao the tien cong trong Chien luoc Xuan He 1972, 29 Mar. 2022, https://www.bienphong.com.vn/tao-the-tien-cong-chien-luoc-moi-qua-chien-dich-xuan-he-1972-post385372.html.
29 Tai lieu cua Nha chinh tri Au chau Bo Ngoai giao VNCH ve Hoi dam Ba Le so 142, ngay 15/3/1972, Folder 1469, Quoc vu khanh dac trach van hoa [QVKVH, Secretary of State for Culture], Trung tam Luu tru Quoc gia 2 [TTLTQG 2, National Archives Centre 2], Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
30 Pierre Asselin, A Bitter Peace: Washington, Hanoi, and the Making of the Paris Agreement (The University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
31 Lien Hang Nguyen, Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2012).
32 George J. Veith, Drawn Swords in a Distant Land: South Vietnam's Shattered Dreams (New York: Encounter, 2021), 453–81.
33 Ve hoat dong ngoai giao trong nam 1966, Folder 1469, QVKVH, TTLTQG2, 8.
34 Ho so Luu cong van van phong dac biet phu Tong thong tu ngay 11 den ngay 20/12/1968, Folder 7436, Phu Tong thong De nhi Cong hoa [DIICH, Office of the Second Republic of Vietnam President], TTLTQG2.
35 Thu tuong Dai Han tuyen bo: ‘Chung toi co mot trach nhiem tinh than de giup do mot quoc gia than huu tu do’, Folder 3213, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
36 Vv hoat dong cua bac si Tran Van Do tai Ba Le, 19 Dec. 1971, Folder 1160, Phieu trinh cua cac chinh khach VNCH ve nhung hoat dong tai ngoai quoc trong chuyen di cong can dac biet lien quan den hoa dam Ba Le nam 1971–1972, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
37 The Republic of Vietnam and United States proposal for a negotiated settlement of the Indochina Conflict on January 27, 1972, Folder 1160, Phieu trinh cua cac chinh khach VNCH ve nhung hoat dong tai ngoai quoc trong chuyen di cong can dac biet lien quan den hoa dam Ba Le nam 1971–1972, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
38 Cong tac ngoai giao nam 1966, Folder 446, Tai lieu nam 1966–1968 cua Bo Ngoai giao, Bo Cong chanh [BCC – Ministry of Public Works], TTLTQG2.
39 George J. Veith, Drawn Swords in a Distant Land: South Vietnam's Shattered Dreams (New York: Encounter, 2021),
40 Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: The Easton Press, 1994), 685.
41 Michael Maclear, Phim Viet Nam cuoc chien muoi ngan ngay.
42 Tran Van Dai Loi, ‘Chinh quyen Viet Nam Cong Hoa voi Hiep dinh Paris’, Vietnam Journal of Social science 2, no. 117 (2017), 49.
43 Statement by Ambassador Pham Dang Lam - Chief of the delegation of the Republic of Vietnam at the 139th plenary session of the Paris meetings on Vietnam, 6 Jan. 1972, 2, Folder 1181, Phien hop khoang dai lan thu 139 den 142 ban ve hoa binh Viet Nam tai Paris nam 1972, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
44 Statement by Ambassador Pham Dang Lam - Chief of the delegation of the Republic of Vietnam at the 140th plenary session of the Paris meetings on Vietnam, 13 Jan. 1972, 2, Folder 1181, Phien hop khoang dai lan thu 139 den 142 ban ve hoa binh Viet Nam tai Paris nam 1972, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
45 Ibid., 3.
46 George J. Veith, Drawn Swords in a Distant Land: South Vietnam's Shattered Dreams (New York: Encounter, 2021), 459.
47 Dien van cua Dai su Pham Dang Lam - Truong phai doan Viet Nam Cong Hoa tai phien hop khoang dai ky thu 142 cuoc hoi dam Paris ve Viet Nam, 27-1-1972, 2, Folder 1181, Phien hop khoang dai lan thu 139 den 142 ban ve hoa binh Viet Nam tai Paris nam 1972, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
48 Ibid., 2.
49 ‘Joint United States and Republic of Vietnam Proposal’, National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Kissinger Office Files, Box 107, Country Files, Far East, Vietnam Negotiations, Paris Negotiations, 25 Jan. 1972–Jan. 1973. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v08/d8.
50 Viet Nam thong tan xa, Tap ban tin, bao cat cua Viet Thong tan xa, cac bao trong va ngoai nuoc ve tinh hinh du luan va lap truong cua VNCH doi voi Hoa dam Ba Le nam 1972, 28 Jan. 1972, 1, Folder 3592, Phu Thu tuong Viet Nam Cong hoa [PTTg - Office of the Republic of Vietnam Prime Minister], Phien hop khoang dai 124 Hoi dam Ba Le ve Viet Nam, TTLTQG2.
51 Ibid., 2.
52 Ibid., 2.
53 Ibid., 5.
54 Ambassador Pham Dang Lam blasts red demands at Paris Talk, 3 Feb. 1972, 1, Folder 3592 DIICH, Tap ban tin, bao cat cua Viet Thong tan xa, cac bao trong va ngoai nuoc ve tinh hinh du luan va lap truong cua VNCH doi voi Hoa dam Ba Le nam 1972, TTLTQG2.
55 Loi tuyen bo khai mac cua dai su Porter tai Hoi dam Ba Le, 3 Feb. 1972, Folder 3592 DIICH, Tap ban tin, bao cat cua Viet Thong tan xa, cac bao trong va ngoai nuoc ve tinh hinh du luan va lap truong cua VNCH doi voi Hoa dam Ba Le nam 1972, TTLTQG2.
56 Ibid., 5.
57 Dai BBC, tin rieng ve Hoa hoi Ba Le, 1–2, Folder 1182 DIICH, Phien hop khoang dai lan thu 145 den 164 ban ve hoa binh Viet Nam tai Paris nam 1972, TTLTQG2.
58 Lien Hang Nguyen, Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2012).
59 Telegram from Hoang Duc Nha to all diplomatic missions, 4 Apr. 1972, Folder 1172 DIICH, Ban tin, cong dien cua Phu Tong thong ve du luan the gioi ung ho Viet Nam Cong hoa trong cuoc hoa dam Paris nam 1972, TTLTQG2.
60 Richard A. Moss, Nixon's Back Channel to Moscow: Confidential Diplomacy and Détente, Chapter V: Vietnam in US- Soviet Backs Channel, November 1971 to April 1972 (Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2017).
61 Proclamation of the Quoc gia (Nationalist) group of the Lower House, 4 Apr. 1972, Folder 1172 DIICH, Ban tin, cong dien cua Phu Tong thong ve du luan the gioi ung ho Viet Nam Cong hoa trong cuoc hoa dam Paris nam 1972, TTLTQG2.
62 The Saigon Post, Siding with Reds: Lam castigates Schumann view, 22 May 1972, Folder 1172 DIICH, Ban tin, cong dien cua Phu Tong thong ve du luan the gioi ung ho Viet Nam Cong hoa trong cuoc hoa dam Paris nam 1972, TTLTQG2.
63 Ibid.
64 Backchannel Message from the Ambassador to South Vietnam (Bunker) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box TS 44, Geopolitical File, Cables, Vietnam, 24 Jun.–29 Aug. 1972. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v08/d209.
65 Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to South Vietnam (Bunker) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box TS 44, Geopolitical File, Cables, 24 Jun.–29 Aug. 1972, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v08/d215; Lien Hang Nguyen, Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2012).
66 Tai lieu mat chung quanh cac cuoc mat dam ve mot hiep dinh cham dut chien tranh van hoi hoa binh tai Viet Nam, 1, Folder 1231, Hiep dinh Paris 1973, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
67 Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: The Easton Press, 1994), 689.
68 ‘Memorandum from the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Haig) to President Nixon’, National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Henry A. Kissinger Office Files, Box 22, HAK Trip Files. TopSecret; Sensitive; Exclusively Eyes Only, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v08/d237.
69 Memorandum of Conversation, President Nguyen Van Thieu, Mr. Huynh Phu Duc, Mr. Hoang Duc Nha, Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker, Henry A. Kissinger, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, John D. Negroponte, NSC Staff Member, National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 864, May–Oct. 1972, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v08/d245.
70 Memorandum from the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon. National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 161, Vietnam Country Files, Vietnam, Aug. 1972, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v08/d250.
71 Pierre Asselin, A Bitter Peace: Washington, Hanoi, and the Making of the Paris Agreement (The University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
72 Lien Hang Nguyen, Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2012).
73 Ibid.
74 Hiep dinh Paris 1973, Tai lieu mat chung quanh cac cuoc mat dam ve mot hiep dinh cham dut chien tranh van hoi hoa binh tai Viet Nam, 2, Folder 1231 DIICH, TTLTQG2.
75 Ibid., 5.
76 Hoi dam Ba Le ve Vietnam Phien hop khoang dai thu 165, 1 Nov. 1972, 40, Folder 17719, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
77 Pierre Asselin, A Bitter Peace: Washington, Hanoi, and the Making of the Paris Agreement (The University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
78 Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: The Easton Press, 1994), 689.
79 Pierre Asselin, A Bitter Peace: Washington, Hanoi, and the Making of the Paris Agreement (The University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
80 The letter of Richard Nixon sent to Nguyen Van Thieu on 16 Oct. 1972, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0005/1561601.pdf.
81 Hoi dam Ba Le ve Vietnam Phien hop khoang dai thu 166, 9 Nov. 1972, 4, Folder 17719, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
82 The letter of Richard Nixon sent to Nguyen Van Thieu on 4 Nov. 1972, 2–3, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0005/1561601.pdf.
83 The letter of Richard Nixon sent to Nguyen Van Thieu on 14 Nov. 1972, 1–3, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0005/1561601.pdf.
84 The letter of Richard Nixon sent to Nguyen Van Thieu on 14 Nov. 1972, 4, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0005/1561601.pdf.
85 Hoi dam Ba Le ve Vietnam Phien hop khoang dai thu 168, 30 Nov. 1972, 2, Folder 17719, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
86 Ibid., 4.
87 Ibid., 8.
88 Tai lieu thuyet trinh cua Bo Ngoai giao ve chinh sach ngoai giao cua Viet Nam Cong hoa nam 1970–1971, Folder 20645, PTTg, TTLTQG2.
89 Chinh sach doi ngoai cua Thai Lan doi voi cac quoc gia Cong san: Nga So va Trung Cong, 1, Folder 1976, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
90 Ibid., 2.
91 Se Jin Kim, ‘South Korea's Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and Political Impact’, Asian Survey 10, no. 6 (1970), 523.
92 Korea Annual 1968, 187, also see at Se Jin Kim, ‘South Korea's Involvement in Vietnam and Its Economic and Political Impact’, Asian Survey 10, no. 6 (1970), 531.
93 Chinh sach ngoai giao cua Dai Han, 3 May 1971, Folder 20873, Ho so ve tinh hinh chinh tri va chinh sach doi ngoai cua Dai Han nam 1963–1974, DIICH, TTLTQG2.
94 Source.
95 The Press, China Accepted mutual recognition announced, Folder 2164 DIICH, TTLTQG2.
96 William Mchon, Speech by the Prime Minister William Mcmahon in the house of representative foreign policy, 23 Aug. 1971, 2, https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/original/00002461.pdf on 28 Mar. 2022.
97 Australia to tell US of sympathy with Thieu, Folder 1160 DIICH, Phieu trinh cua cac chinh khach VNCH ve nhung hoat dong tai ngoai quoc trong chuyen di cong can dac biet lien quan den hoa dam Ba Le nam 1971–1972, TTLTQG2.
98 Statement by Mr. Nigel Bown, Australian Foreign Minister, 2 Dec. 1972, Folder 1160 DIICH, TTLTQG2.
99 William McMahon, Speech by the Prime Minister William Mcmahon in the house of representative foreign policy, 23 Aug. 1971, 3, https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/original/00002461.pdf on 28 Mar. 2022.
100 Thieu must go Nixon sign now. Folder 1160 DIICH, Phieu trinh cua cac chinh khach VNCH ve nhung hoat dong tai ngoai quoc trong chuyen di cong can dac biet lien quan den hoa dam Ba Le nam 1971–1972, TTLTQG2.
101 Confidential: Elements of ASEAN proposal, Ref. Letter from Mr. Adam Malik, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia to Mr. Tran Van Lam, Folder 1922 PTTg, Vv de nghi van hoi hoa binh tai Vietnam cua cac ngoai truong ASEAN nam 1972, TTLTQG2.
102 Ibid., 2.
103 Ibid., 2.
104 Tran Kim Phuong va Van de cong can Ma Lai A, Tan Gia Ba, Uc, Tan Tay Lan de giai thich cuong vi cua Viet Nam Cong hoa ve du thao Hiep dinh van hoi hoa binh tai Viet Nam, 28 Oct. 1972, Folder 1160 DIICH, Phieu trinh cua cac chinh khach VNCH ve nhung hoat dong tai ngoai quoc trong chuyen di cong can dac biet lien quan den hoa dam Ba Le nam 1971–1972, TTLTQG2.
105 Ibid.
106 Tong thong Thieu cu ba dac su di cac nuoc trong vung Thai Binh Duong de giai thich lap truong hoa binh cua Viet Nam Cong Hoa, 30 Oct. 1972, Folder 1172 DIICH, Ban tin, cong dien cua Phu Tong thong ve du luan the gioi ung ho Viet Nam Cong hoa trong cuoc hoa dam Paris nam 1972, TTLTQG2.
107 Ibid.
108 R. Butwell, ‘Thailand After Vietnam’, Current History 57, no. 340 (1972), 339–69; F. C. Darling, ‘Thailand and the Early Post-Vietnam Era’, Current History 63, no. 376 (1972), 263–79; A. Kislenko, ‘A Not So Silent Partner: Thailand's Role in Covert Operations, Counter-Insurgency, and the Wars in Indochina’, Journal of Conflict Studies 24, no. 1 (2004), 65–96, Trieu Huy Ha, ‘The Republic of Vietnam - Thai Lan Diplomatic Relation in the Context of the Vietnam War 1965–1973’, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education Journal of Sciences 19, no. 4 (2022), 694–708.
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Trieu Huy Ha
Trieu Huy Ha works as a lecturer at the University of Management and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. He is also a PhD candidate at the Department of History, University of Social sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. He is a historical science researcher in the Contemporary History of Vietnam (after 1945) and specific issues of the Vietnam War and the history of the Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975).