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Abstract
Since 1960, the Cuban government has been providing health care internationalism programmes throughout the globe. Despite the now overwhelming international recognition for Cuba’s medical efforts, protests against Cuban medical personnel working abroad are not uncommon. This article analyzes comparable patterns of protest in Brazil, Bolivia, and Haiti, where the protests have been driven primarily by ideological and class biases, as well as the Venezuelan case, where Cuban initiatives have been more politicized than elsewhere.
Notes
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Gavin Fridell for his help and guidance as well as the reviewers at Studies in Political Economy for their valuable feedback. Both authors are also greatly appreciative of the financial support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC).
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
About the authors
Chris Walker is a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Fellow and Doctoral Candidate in the Department of International Development Studies at Saint Mary’s University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Emily J. Kirk is a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) Post-Doctoral researcher who teaches in the Department of International Development Studies at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Notes
1 Kirk and Walker, “Moral Medicine the Cuban Way.”
2 IFCO, “ELAM.”
3 Gorry, “Latin American Medical School Class of 2015.”
4 Walker, Venezuela’s Health Care Revolution.
5 Brunelli, “Structural Adjustment Programs and the Delivery of Health Care in the Third World.”
6 Walker, Venezuela’s Health Care Revolution.
7 León, “Cuba’s International Health Cooperation.”
8 León, “Cuba’s International Health Cooperation.”
9 Cooke et al., “American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report,” 1340.
10 Golinger, “Venezuela: Coup and Countercoup, Revolution.”
11 BBC, “Bolivia Protest over Cuba Medics”; Wills, “Why Brazil Is Importing Cuban Doctors Amid Protests.”
12 Dominican Today, “Bolivian Doctors Call Protest Strike Against Cuban Colleagues”; Fitz, “Cuba’s Medical Mission”; Kirk et al., “Mais Médicos”; as well as interviews in 2015–2016.
13 Walker, Venezuela’s Health Care Revolution.
14 Fitz, “Cuba’s Medical Mission.”
15 Walker, Venezuela’s Health Care Revolution; as well as interviews and observation between 2013 and 2016.
16 Wills, “Why Brazil Is Importing Cuban Doctors Amid Protests”; John Kirk et al., “Mais Médicos.”
17 Kirk et al., “Mais Médicos”; Walker, Venezuela’s Health Care Revolution.
18 Dominican Today, “Bolivian Doctors Call Protest Strike Against Cuban Colleagues.”
19 BBC, “Bolivia Protest Over Cuba Medics.”
20 Kirk et al., “Mais Médicos,” 11.
21 Wills, “Why Brazil Is Importing Cuban Doctors Amid Protests.”
22 Wills, “Why Brazil Is Importing Cuban Doctors Amid Protests.”
23 Kirk et al., “Mais Médicos.”
24 Werlau, “Cuba’s Health-Care Diplomacy.”
25 Werlau, “Cuba’s Business of Humanitarianism.”
26 Kirk and Kirk, “Cuban Medical Cooperation in Haiti.”
27 Huish, Going Where No Doctor Has Gone Before, 19.
28 Walker, Venezuela’s Health Care Revolution.
29 PAHO, “Health in the Americas,” 9.
30 León, “Cuba’s International Health Cooperation.”
31 Kirk and Erisman, Cuban Medical Internationalism, 179.
32 Kirk and Erisman, Cuban Medical Internationalism, 179.