Nutritional Contribution of Eggs to American Diets

Abstract

Objectives: The main purposes of this study were (1) to assess the nutritional significance of eggs in the American diet and (2) to estimate the degree of association between egg consumption and serum cholesterol concentration.

Methods: Data from the most recent National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94) were utilized to compare the nutritional quality indicators of diets that contained eggs (USDA food grouping system) with those that did not. Nutrient intake (from 24-hour dietary recall), egg intake (from food frequency questionnaire), sociodemographic data and blood cholesterol levels of subjects who met inclusion criteria (n=27,378) were grouped according to the occurrence and frequency of egg consumption and were analyzed using SUDAAN.

Results: Daily nutrient intake of egg consumers (EC) was significantly greater than that of nonconsumers (NC) for all nutrients studied (except dietary fiber and vitamin B6). Eggs contributed < 10% of daily intake of energy and vitamin B6, 10% to 20% of folate and total, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, and 20% to 30% of vitamins A, E and B12 in EC. Compared to EC, NC had higher rates of inadequate intake (defined by Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) or < 70% Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)) for vitamin B12 (10% vs. 21%), vitamin A (16% vs. 21%), vitamin E (14% vs. 22%) and vitamin C (15% vs. 20%). After adjusting for demographic (age, gender and ethnicity) and lifestyle variables (smoking and physical activity), dietary cholesterol was not related to serum cholesterol concentration. People who reported eating ≥ 4 eggs/wk had a significantly lower mean serum cholesterol concentration than those who reported eating ≤ 1 egg/wk (193 mg/dL vs. 197 mg/dL, p < 0.01). More frequent egg consumption was negatively associated with serum cholesterol concentration (β=−6.45, p < 0.01).

Conclusions: In this cross-sectional and population-based study, egg consumption made important nutritional contributions to the American diet and was not associated with high serum cholesterol concentrations.

• eggs
• cholesterol
• CVD
• nutrient
• NHANES III
• vitamin

• CVD=cardiovascular disease
• EAR=estimated average requirements
• EC=egg consumers
• HDL=high density lipoprotein
• NC=nonconsumers
• NCHS=National Center for Health Statistics
• NHANES III=Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
• RDA=Recommended Dietary Allowance
• USDA=United States Department of Agriculture

The research was supported by a grant from the American Egg Board/Egg Nutrition Center. The authors appreciate Dr. Len Bianchi for his statistical consultation for the project.

Notes

Presented, in part, at a meeting sponsored by the American Egg Board and Egg Nutrition Center held at Amelia Island, FL on February 25–27, 2000. An honorarium was provided for support of this manuscript by the Egg Nutrition Center.