Impact of Diets Rich in Whole Grains and Fruits and Vegetables on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Clinical Feeding Trial

ABSTRACT

Objective: Previous interventions have reported desirable effects of diets rich in whole grains or rich in fruits and vegetables on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and weight management. However, data are lacking regarding the effect of these fiber sources separately. The aim of this randomized clinical feeding trial was to investigate the effects of fiber-rich diets with different sources of fiber (fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) on weight loss and CVD risk factors in overweight and obese women.

Methods: Overweight and obese women (N = 75) were randomized to one of three weight loss diets that were rich in whole grains, fruits and vegetables, or both for 10 weeks. Body weight, waist circumference, and risk factors of CVD were examined at baseline and 10 weeks.

Results: During the 10-week dietary intervention phase, the reductions in weight (p = 0.03), waist circumference (p = 0.001), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.04), fasting blood sugar (p = 0.03), and triglycerides (p = 0.001) were higher in the whole grains group compared with the fruits and vegetables group or the combination diet group. Also, the whole grain group had a greater increase (p = 0.01) in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to the other groups. The change in other risk factors, including diastolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, was not different among the three diet groups. Within-group comparisons revealed significant reductions in weight, waist circumference, and fasting blood sugar in all groups. Only the fruits and vegetables group and the whole grains group had significant decreases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol over 10 weeks (p ≤ 0.03).

Conclusions: This trial suggests that in overweight and obese women, a weight loss diet rich in whole grains may have a more beneficial effect on CVD risk factors than diets rich in fruits and vegetables or a combination of whole grains and fruits and vegetables.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT03340298.

KEYWORDS:

• Fruit
• vegetable
• grain
• cardiovascular risk factors
• weight reduction
• clinical trial

Acknowledgements

Research reported in this publication was approved by the ethical committee of the School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. All of authors are grateful to the participants of the present study for their enthusiastic cooperation and have no conflicts of interest.

Author contributions

LA designed the study. ED collected the data. SF and HK-V wrote the article. NB and NRB revised the manuscript and contributed to data interpretation. All authors read the article and approved the final version.

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.