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Articles

Engineering professors as entrepreneurs: the case of Franz Reuleaux (1829–1905) and Alois Riedler (1850–1936)

 

Abstract

Franz Reuleaux and Alois Riedler were probably the best known professors of mechanical engineering in late nineteenth century Germany. The country was becoming one of the world’s leading industrial countries, and Reuleaux and Riedler tried to contribute to this process. They obtained patents, founded their own companies, invested in both already existing and newly erected firms, and worked as consultants. In doing so, Reuleaux lost nearly all his capital while Riedler became a millionaire. In this paper, I use the story of these two academics as cases for examining the following questions on academic entrepreneurship: What kind of commercial activities did these professors perform? What were the conflicts between the professors and the state bureaucracy on the one hand and industry on the other hand? What were the reasons for their success and failure? The case studies on Reuleaux and Riedler are based on printed and archival sources.

Notes

1. Cf. the editors’ introduction to this special issue.

2. One example is Franz Reuleaux. Cf. König, Der Gelehrte und der Manager, 47–49 and passim. However, there is no systematic research on engineering professors’ involvement in publishing.

3. The locus classicus work on the history of the ‘Technische Hochschulen’ in the nineteenth century is Manegold, Universität, Technische Hochschule und Industrie.

4. Cf. König, “Technical Education and Industrial Performance,” 67; more detailed in König, “Zwischen Verwaltungsstaat und Industriegesellschaft.”

5. Cf. Kändler, Anpassung und Abgrenzung, 202, 203 and 250, 251.

6. Schurath, “Die Entwicklung des Standes,” 17–24; Bolenz, Vom Baubeamten, 210–217.

7. Cf. Peters, Leben und Werk des Architekten. Peters, however, treats particularly Raschdorff’s buildings but not his architectural office.

8. Cf. Mercelis, “Commercializing Academic Knowledge.”

9. Dienel, “Professoren als Gutachter für die Kälteindustrie.”

10. König, “Hochschullehrer und Elektrifizierungsberater.”

11. Reuleaux, “Cultur und Technik,” 12, 13; Riedler, “Ueber den Ingenieurberuf,” 481; Riedler, Unsere Hochschulen, 45; cf. Braun, “Methodenprobleme der Ingenieurwissenschaft, 1850–1900,” 9.

12. Reuleaux, The Kinematics of Machinery. Cf. Moon, The Machines of Leonardo.

13. Riedler, Das Maschinen-Zeichnen.

14. Reuleaux, Eine Reise durch; Reuleaux, “Ein Ausflug nach Neuseeland.”

15. Longfellow, Lied von Hiawatha.

16. Cf. Matschoß, “Geschichte der Königlich Preußischen.”

17. Unfortunately, there is no detailed information on his contributions in patent lawsuits.

18. Cf. Veit-Brause, “German-Australian Relations.”

19. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz (GStA PK) (Archives of the Prussian State), I. HA Rep. 120 Ministerium für Handel und Gewerbe, C VIII 4, Nr. 17; Deutsches Museum (DM), Archiv, NL 069/015, Nr. 114.

20. The DEPATISnet database contains no patents of Reuleaux.

21. At least there is no information on commercial successes.

22. Cf. Matschoß, Geschichte der Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz; Sass, Geschichte des Deutschen.

23. E.g. Weihe, Franz Reuleaux und seine Kinematik, 35.

24. Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv 107-72-4.

25. Cf. Koch, “Franz Reuleaux”; Koch, 75 Jahre Mannesmann; Wessel, Kontinuität im Wandel; Yorck, Die Mannesmannröhren-Werke 1888 bis 1920.

26. E.g. Reuleaux, “Ueber das Mannesmann’sche.”

27. Siemens Archives (SAA) 2 Li 550, 21. 9., 5. 11. 1888 and 25. 5. 1889 – letters of Werner Siemens to Reuleaux.

28. See note 25.

29. The engineering office’s sources have been destroyed in the Second World War. However, the reader can find a lot of information in Riedler’s publications. Cf. König, Der Gelehrte und der Manager, 224–236.

30. On Riedler’s work on pumps, see Riedler, “Das Bessemergebläse im Stahlwerke”; Riedler, Schnellbetrieb, chapters “Kompressoren. Neuere Maschinen für Verdichtung von Luft und Gas” and ‘“Express-Kompressoren” mit rückläufigen Druckventilen.’

31. Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft, 50 Jahre AEG, 324; Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin, Historisches Archiv, I. FA 60 A, 00873, “Statut der Riedler Express Pumpen-Gesellschaft” and 00880, 4.

32. Riedler, “Studien über Kraftverteilung,” 276; Riedler, “Gutermuths Werk über die Dampfmaschine,” 665. Riedler summarizes his opinions in: Riedler, “Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Druckluft-anlagen”; Riedler, Emil Rathenau, 96, 97.

33. Strobel, “Zur Einführung.”

34. König, Wilhelm II. und die Moderne, 40–43.

35. Manegold, Universität, Technische Hochschule und Industrie, 147–151; Spur and Fischer, Georg Schlesinger, 37–40; König, Künstler und Strichezieher, 58, 59.

36. GStA PK, I. HA Rep. 76 Vb Kultusministerium, Sekt. 4 Tit. X Nr 29 Bd. I.

37. This is the result of research in the DEPATISnet database.

38. Riedler, “Kraftwagen”; Riedler, Wissenschaftliche Automobil-Wertung.

39. Cf. Bauer, Gescheiterte Innovationen.

40. E.g. Reuleaux, “Ueber den Einfluß.”

41. Cf. See note 12.

42. Riedler, Dieselmotoren.

43. See, for instance, Lüders, Wider Herrn Reuleaux! Schadwill, Abfertigung.

44. Reuleaux, “Mittheilungen,” 190; Reuleaux, “An die Redaktion”; and “Angelegenheiten des Vereins.”

45. Reuleaux, Briefe aus Philadelphia.

46. Cf. Braun, “Franz Reuleaux und der Technologietransfer,” 117; Remberger, “Franz Reuleaux,” 77; Remberger, “Billig und schlecht,” 45.

47. Cf. Veit-Brause, “German-Australian Relations.”

48. Riedler, Groß-Gasmaschinen.

49. Riedler, Groß-Gasmaschinen, 321; “Zuschriften an die Redaktion”; “Alois Riedler.”

50. For instance, between 1898 and 1902, the Siemens Company brought a conflict with Riedler to the courts. GStA PK, I. HA, Rep 76 Vb Kultusministerium, Sekt. 4, Tit. III, Nr. 8, Bd. VIII, p. 213.

51. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Abgeordnetenhauses. Berlin 1908, Session 1908–2-22, 2539-2245, 4204-4210 and 4214-4215, Session 1908–3–19, 4210-4212.

52. Andernach, Der Einfluß der Parteien, 132, 133.

53. GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 76 Vb Kultusministerium, Sekt. 4, Tit. X, Nr. 39, 54-56 and 178-180.

54. E.g. Schulze-Pillot, “Reform der Technischen Hochschulen,” 82; “Angelegenheiten des Vereines. Stellung des Vorstandes,” 507, 508

55. Cf. König, Der Gelehrte und der Manager, 193–196.

56. GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 76 Vb Kultusministerium. Sekt. 4, Tit. X, Nr. 29, Vol. I-II.

57. Riedler, “Die Versuchsanstalten und das Reichsamt.”

58. GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 76 Vb Kultusministerium, Sekt. 4, Tit. X, Nr. 29, Bd. I-III.

59. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial, 111–138.

60. König, “Ziele der Technikwissenschaften.”

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