Abstract
Beyond strong presidents and memorable administrations, other forces have influenced the shape of past American politics. Before Andrew Jackson's election in 1828, much coherence and direction existed on the political scene. There was a pervasive national partisan focus to the era despite the lack of strong presidents and great events. Specific partisan memories provoked by past conflicts and prejudices persisted, helping define what was at stake. Far from being formless, this era did not have to wait for Jackson's election to create the elements of a coherent political culture. His election reinforced what was already present.