Immune Cell Infiltration Types as Biomarkers for the Recurrence Diagnosis and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the role of infiltrating immune cell types in diagnosing and predicting bladder cancer recurrence. This study mainly applied some algorithms, including Estimate the Proportion of Immune and Cancer Cells (EPIC), support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), random forest out-of-bag (RF-OOB) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression analysis. We found six immune infiltrating cell types significantly associated with recurrence prognosis and two independent clinical prognostic factors. Infiltrating immune cell types (IICTs) based on the prognostic immune risk score (pIRS) models may provide significant biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of bladder cancer recurrence.

Keywords:

• Bladder cancer
• recurrence
• immune infiltration
• prognostic model

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Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the article.

Additional information

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.