ABSTRACT
Drying is widely applied in the process industries, and yet not explored. Unlike other unit operations, drying has not yet been reduced to a universal computerised design procedure. Drying is still an art. The variety of available dryers was developed, to match, in one way or another, the specific drying characteristics of the products to be dried. A unique group of dryers, not widely known among the academia and industries, are the specialised contact single-shaft or twin-shaft kneaders-dryers
This paper concisely reviews the development and evolution of specialised contact kneaders-dryers, presents the field of their application, defines the selection criteria, describes a basic design procedure, and closes with a list of parameters, that help one to decide between the implementation of a batch or a continuous operating dryer