Potassium-Induced Loop Conformational Transition of a Potent Anti-HIV Oligonucleotide

Abstract

Spectroscopic, thermal denaturation and kinetic studies have revealed that DNA oligonucleotides 5′-d(GGGTGGGTGGGTGGGT) (T30695) and 5′-d(GTGGTGGGTGGGTGGGT) (T30177) form extremely stable intramolecular G-tetrads via a two-step process that involves the binding of one K⁺ ion to a central pair of G-quartets and two additional K⁺ ions, presumably, to the loops (Jing et al., (1997) Biochemistry in press). In that these oligonucleotides are potent HIV-1 inhibitors and among the most active HIV-1 integrase inhibitors yet identified, we have sought to further characterize the K⁺-induced folding process for the purpose of rational chemical modification of these anti-HIV agents. Our NMR investigation demonstrates that in the presence of Li⁺ ions, T30695 forms an unimolecular tetrad fold, stabilized by a pair of syn-anti-syn-anti G-quartets comprising a central core. The NMR spectrum of T30695 as a function of K⁺ titration reveals a well-defined transition that saturates upon addition of three K⁺ ions per oligomer. During this process, the initial Li⁺-dependent G-quartet structure converts into a highly symmetrical, stable form (the NMR detected melting transition temperature is increased by ∼ 20°C). The conformation of the G-quartet core remains unchanged, while the loosely structured loop residues become organized in a fashion which is stabilized by K⁺ ion binding and by interactions with the core. To explain these data, we propose a model wherein K⁺ binding to the loops induces structural rearrangement, to yield a planar array of loop bases in proximity to the underlying G-quartets. By reference to closely related homologues, which lack activity as an HIV-1 or integrase inhibitor, the possibility is discussed that this ion-coordinated loop structure is crucial to the biological activity of T30695.