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Abstract
In this work, we carried out a theoretical investigation regarding amphetamine-type stimulants, which can cause central nervous system degeneration, interacting with human DNA. These include amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (also known as ecstasy), as well as their main metabolites. The studies were performed through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, where molecular interactions of the receptor–ligand systems, along with their physical–chemical energies, were reported. Our results show that 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) present considerable reactivity with the receptor (DNA), suggesting that these molecules may cause damage due to human-DNA. These results were indicated by free Gibbs change of bind (ΔGbind) values referring to intermolecular interactions between the drugs and the minor grooves of DNA, which were predominant for all simulations. In addition, it was observed that 3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (ΔGbind = −13.15 kcal/mol) presented greater spontaneity in establishing interactions with DNA in comparison to 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ΔGbind = −8.61 kcal/mol). Thus, according with the calculations performed our results suggest that the 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine have greater probability to provide damage to human DNA fragments.
Acknowledgments
Antonio Maia and Igor Luiz appreciate the support of the Federal University of Pará, the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the PROAD/UFPA, the Pibic / CNPq / UFPA. Abel Neto thanks CAPES /UFPA and PRODERNA. We thank our employees for their contribution. Kamil Kuca and Eugenie Nepovimova appreciate the financial support of the University Hradec Kralove (Long-term development plan) and University Hospital Hradec Kralove (Long-term development plan).