Phytomolecules against bacterial biofilm and efflux pump: an in silico and in vitro study

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance is a global threat whose incidences are increasing day by day worldwide. Thus, there is a need for new chemical entities (NCEs) or exploration of existing molecules against these types of infections. In the current investigation, we have tested the inhibitory potential of four different phytomolecules (berberine, gallic acid, piperine, and rutin) against bacterial biofilm and efflux pumps by using in-silico and in-vitro techniques. The phytomolecules (berberine, piperine, and rutin) except gallic acid have shown good interaction towards biofilm and efflux pump proteins. Further, In-vitro studies have also shown the good inhibitory effect of tested phytomolecules (berberine, rutin, and piperine) against bacterial biofilm formation and efflux pumps. In conclusion, berberine, piperine, and rutin could be the promising antibacterial candidates, particularly against resistant bacterial strains.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• Berberine
• gallic acid
• piperine
• rutin
• efflux pump
• biofilm
• resistance

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Shri. Parveen Garg, Chairman, and Dr. G.D. Gupta Director, ISFCP, for providing research facility. Authors are also acknowledge Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Govt. of India and thankful to Dr. S.J.S. Flora, Director, NIPER, Raebareli for their constant support and providing necessary facility. Author, Rishabh Jhanji is also thankful to Ms. Richa and Dr. Rajender Kumar (IISER, Mohali) for their help and guidance during the research work. Communication number is NIPER-R/Communication/097.

Compliance with ethical standards

Ethical statement Animal house is registered with the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), Government of India. Registration number: 816/Po/ReBiBt/S/04/CPCSEA.

Disclosure statement

This manuscript described has not been published before; not under consideration for publication anywhere else; and has been approved by all co-authors.