Synthesis, virtual screening and computational approach of a quinoxaline derivative as potent anti-HIV agent targeting the reverse transcriptase enzyme

Abstract

Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus still represents a continuous serious concern and a global threat to human health. Due to the appearance of multi-resistant virus strains and the serious adverse side effects of the antiretroviral therapy administered, there is an urgent need for the development of new treatment agents that are more active, less toxic, and with increased tolerability to mutations. Quinoxaline derivatives are a class of heterocyclic compounds with a wide range of organic and remedial applications. In addition, they are known to significantly inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and HIV replication in cell cultures. For these reasons, we are investigating the synthesis and computational studies of quinoxaline derivatives with a focus on their effects on the HIV RT enzyme, and we present here the structure of one such molecule, methyl 2-[(2E)-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoalin-2-ylidene] acetate, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. In the crystal, N—H···O and C—H···O hydrogen bonds form ribbons whose mean planes are inclined to (111) by 25.69(8)°. The ribbons are formed into stacks by C—H···π(ring) interactions and π-stacking interactions between carbonyl groups. The Hirshfeld surface map allows us to understand the nature of interactions in the contribution to crystal packing. A density functional theory (DFT) calculation was performed to optimize the geometrical parameters and then they were compared with the solid-state phase. The molecular electrostatic potential map displays reactive sites on the surface, which are responsible for intermolecular interaction in the chemical species. Computational molecular docking, in addition to molecular dynamics simulations and MMGB/PBSA binding energy techniques, was used to assess the affinity of the molecule for the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. The new quinoxaline derivative is more powerful in terms of binding affinity and binding conformation stability with the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, which suggests the molecule is a good candidate for further biological optimization.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Keywords:

• Quinoxaline
• X-ray Structure
• Reverse transcriptase
• Anti-HIV agents
• Molecular docking
• Molecular dynamics
• DFT calculations

Acknowledgements

JTM thanks Tulane University for support of the Tulane Crystallography Laboratory.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.