Classifying stigma experience of women living with HIV in Indonesia through the social ecological model

ABSTRACT

Little is known how stigma theories apply to women living with HIV (WLWH). To apply stigma theories to WLWH, and locate within the dimensions of the Social-Ecological Model (SEM). Using a literature review and a theoretical subtraction to apply stigma forms to the SEM dimensions. WLWH begin to self-stigmatize, receive stigma based on fear from the family and community. Healthcare providers and society stigmatize WLWH by ascribing character flaws to them. The SEM allowed us to locate the dimensions of stigma and identify areas for future interventions for WLWH in Indonesia and other countries.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank to Steven Simpkins, Betsy Mau, Laura J Mason, Carolyn Chow, Sandy Bennete, Teri Ward, Karlotta Rosebaugh, Lori Hilliard, Julius Debro, and Eileen Little for the support and encouragement.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no real or perceived vested interests that relate to this article that could be construed as conflicts of interest. This paper has not been submitted simultaneously for publication elsewhere.

Funding information

This work was supported by the Indonesia Endowment Found for Education (Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan [LPDP]).